¿Es la administración un arte o una ciencia?

En un discurso pronunciado en una conferencia internacional sobre administración, Luther Gulick, educador y autor de obras sobre administración, la definió como “una disciplina que busca entender sistemáticamente por qué y cómo los hombres trabajan juntos para alcanzar objetivos y hacer que estos sistemas cooperativos sean más útiles para la humanidad”. Según Gulik, la administración cumple con los requisitos de una disciplina por haber sido estudiada durante cierto tiempo y estar organizada en una serie de teorías. Aunque, a su juicio, tales teorías son todavía demasiado generales y subjetivas, mostraba optimismo al decir que la administración iba a convertirse en una ciencia: se estaba estudiando de manera sistemática y las teorías actuales se estaban probando con la experiencia.

Esta disciplina, según Gulick, llegaría a ser una verdadera ciencia cuando la teoría pudiera guiar a los gerentes indicándoles qué hacer en una situación particular y permitiéndoles predecir las consecuencias de sus acciones. Henry M. Boettinger, funcionario de empresa y conferencista de temas administrativos, sostiene, por su parte, que la administración es un arte, “una manera de poner orden en el caos”. En su opinión, la pintura o la poesía requieren tres componentes: la visión del artista, el conocimiento del oficio y la comunicación eficaz. En estos aspectos, la administración es un arte, ya que requiere los mismos componentes, y por ello, del mismo modo que el talento artístico puede cultivarse por medio de la educación, es posible hacer lo mismo con el talento administrativo en formas similares a las utilizadas en la formación de los artistas.

Parece muy probable que pasarán todavía muchos años antes de que la administración se asemeje más al arte que a la ciencia. Cada día que pasa adquirimos más conocimientos sobre esta disciplina y, en muchos casos, podemos recomendar con seguridad medidas específicas. En efecto, la administración está a la zaga de las ciencias de la conducta a las que recurre. Aún queda mucho por descubrir en torno a la interacción del ser humano, la estructura social de las organizaciones y tantas otras cosas. Mientras nuestro conocimiento no sea más completo, los gerentes habrán de recurrir a su juicio falible, a su intuición y con frecuencia a información insuficiente. Así pues, aunque algunos aspectos de la administración se han vuelto más científicos, gran parte de ella sigue siendo un arte.

Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. Facultad de Medicina

https://pt.scribd.com/doc/71633997/ADMINISTRACION-ENSALUD-

GENERALIDADES

Una vez leído el texto, podemos afirmar que el asunto que en él se trata es:

According to the graphic, it is true to assert that

Most Teenagers happy with their lives but

schoolwork anxiety and bullying an issue

Most teenagers happy with their lives but schoolwork anxiety and bullying an issue

Teenagers who feel part of a school community and enjoy good relations with their parents and teachers are more likely to perform better academically and be happier with their lives, according to the first OECD PISA assessment of students’ well-being.

PISA 2015 Results analyses for the first time students’ motivation to perform well in school, their relationships with peers and teachers, their home life, and how they spend their time outside of school. The findings are based on a survey of 540,000 students in 72 participating countries and economies who also completed the main OECD PISA 2015 test on science, mathematics and reading.

Many students are very anxious about school work and tests and the analysis reveals this is not related to the number of school hours or the frequency of tests but with how supportive they feel their teachers and schools to be: on average across OECD countries, 59% of students reported they often worry that taking a test will be difficult, and 66% reported feeling stressed about poor grades. Some 55% of students say they are very anxious for a test even if they are well prepared. In all countries, girls reported greater schoolwork-related anxiety than boys; and anxiety about schoolwork, homework and tests is negatively related to performance.

Teachers play a big role in creating the conditions for students’ well-being at school and governments should not define the role of teachers solely through the number of instruction hours. Happier students tend to report positive relations with their teachers. Students in schools where life satisfaction is above the national average reported a higher level of support from their teacher than students in schools where life satisfaction is below average.

“These findings show how teachers, schools and parents can make a real difference to children’s well-being,” said OECD Chief of Staff Gabriela Ramos, launching the report in London. “Together they can help young people develop a sense of control over their future and the resilience they need to be successful in life. There is no secret, you perform better if you feel valued, if you feel well treated, if you are given a hand to succeed!”

Adaptado de: <http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/most-teenagers-happywith-

their-lives-but-schoolwork-anxiety-and-bullying-an-issue.htm>

Acessado em 19 de abril de 2017.

The first OECD PISA assessment of students’ wellbeing

Natural tooth repair method, using Alzheimer's

drug, could revolutionise dental treatments

A new method of stimulating the renewal of living stem cells in tooth pulp using an Alzheimer’s drug has been discovered by a team of researchers at King’s College London.

Following trauma or an infection, the inner, soft pulp of a tooth can become exposed and infected. In order to protect the tooth from infection, a thin band of dentine is naturally produced and this seals the tooth pulp, but it is insufficient to effectively repair large cavities. Currently dentists use manmade cements or fillings, such as calcium and silicon-based products, to treat these larger cavities and fill holes in teeth. This cement remains in the tooth and fails to disintegrate, meaning that the normal mineral level of the tooth is never completely restored.

However, in a paper published today in Scientific Reports, scientists from the Dental Institute at King’s College London have proven a way to stimulate the stem cells contained in the pulp of the tooth and generate new dentine in large cavities, potentially reducing the need for fillings or cements.

The novel biological approach could see teeth use their natural ability to repair large cavities rather than using cements or fillings.

Significantly, one of the small molecules used by the team to stimulate the renewal of the stem cells included Tideglusib, which has previously been used in clinical trials to treat neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease.

Using biodegradable collagen sponges to deliver the treatment, the team applied low doses of small molecule glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) inhibitors to the tooth. They found that the sponge degraded over time and that new dentine replaced it, leading to complete, natural repair. Collagen sponges are commercially-available and clinicallyapproved, again adding to the potential of the treatment’s swift pick-up and use in dental clinics.

Disponível em:

<http://www.kcl.ac.uk/newsevents/news/newsrecords/2017/01-

January/Natural-tooth-repair-method-using-Alzheimer's-drug-couldrevolutionise-

dental-treatments.aspx> Acessado em 13 de abril de

2017.

It is true to affirm that

1) at present dentists treat large cavities artificially.

2) teeth are able to produce dentine naturally.

3) natural dentine solves any kind of cavity problem.

4) cement restores mineral levels back to normal.

5) researchers have created a new drug to treat cavity.

The correct alternatives are:

Ora, se deu que chegou

(isso já faz muito tempo)

no banguê dum meu avô

uma negra bonitinha,

chamada negra Fulô.

Essa negra Fulô!

Essa negra Fulô!

Ó Fulô! Ó Fulô!

(Era a fala da Sinhá)

- Vai forrar a minha cama

pentear os meus cabelos,

vem ajudar a tirar

a minha roupa, Fulô!

(...)

Essa negrinha Fulô

ficou logo pra mucama

pra vigiar a Sinhá,

pra engomar pro Sinhô!

O poema acima é de autoria de Jorge de Lima, poeta alagoano e um dos principais representantes da segunda geração da poesia modernista. No poema, podemos destacar características dessa geração de poetas, como:

1) a opção por uma linguagem despretensiosa, bem próxima dos padrões coloquiais.

2) uma interlocução dialógica, mesmo que não esteja evidente a participação do interlocutor.

3) ainda que o cenário sugira uma situação de desigualdade social, pode-se ver no uso dos diminutivos uma atitude de carinho.

4) fidelidade à sintaxe lusitana, reforçando os ideais da primeira geração dos poetas modernistas.

Estão corretas:

Diversificados foram os temas abordados por Graciliano Ramos (1892-1953) em seus romances: a seca, a tragédia do ciúme e as veleidades literárias de um pequeno burguês. Dentre os romances abaixo, quais encerram esses temas?