Inter-semiotic translation can be said to be a translation between two different communication systems.

Translators are near-omniscient beings consciously selecting solutions to semiotic translational problems.

Argumentative texts are types of text in which a thesis is cited and then extensively defended.

Texts can be classified in terms of their communicative intentions.

Attempts at building text type based models for translation practice has proved controversial because text types often exhibit overlapping features.

The following text, adapted from the website www.bbc.co.uk can be said to be a descriptive text: “There is a surprising truth about how we all see the world. You may think a rose is red, the sky is blue and the grass is green, but it now seems that the colours you see may not always be the same as the colours I see. Your age, sex and even mood can affect how you experience colours”.

In technical translation, the effect on the readers matters more than the actual words or the syntactic layout and the translator will probably follow an idiomatic or a free translation.

The passage “Sir Patrick Moore and his team of astronomers tell us what’s on view in the night sky. From comets to quasars, there is always something fascinating to discuss in the Universe.” can be correctly translated as Sir Patrick Moore e seu time de astrônomos nos dizem o que está em exibição no céu noturno. Tanto cometas quanto quasars sempre são algo fascinante para discutir sobre o Universo.

An appropriate and correct translation of this passage would be: Os índios maias viveram no México há milhares de anos, mesmo antes da chegada dos espanhóis em 1500. Os maias eram um povo inteligente, culturalmente rico, cujas conquistas foram muitas. Eles tinham fazendas, belos palácios e cidades com muitos edifícios. O povo maia sabia muito sobre a natureza e o mundo ao seu redor. Esse conhecimento os ajudou a viver uma vida melhor do que a maioria das pessoas daquele tempo, porque poderiam usá-lo para tornar suas vidas mais confortáveis e gratificantes. Conhecimento sobre ferramentas e agricultura, além disso, fizeram o seu trabalho mais fácil e mais produtivo

The word “hence” (L.6) means also.