“The term ‘standard grammar’ is most typically associated with written language, and is usually considered to be characteristic of the recurrent usage of adult, educated native speakers of a language.” (L.1-4) — O termo “gramática padrão” é tipicamente associado com a linguagem escrita e é geralmente considerado característico do uso repetitivo falado pelo nativo adulto educado de uma língua.

“Standard spoken English grammar will therefore be different from standard written English grammar in many respects if we consider ‘standard’ to be a description of the recurrent spoken usage of adult native speakers.” (L.16-19) — O padrão gramatical da língua inglesa oral será, no entanto, diferente do padrão escrito da gramática inglesa em muitos aspectos, se considerarmos como “padrão” a descrição do uso repetido da língua oral por falantes nativos adultos.

“The typical sources of evidence for standard usage are literary texts, quality journalism, academic and professional writing, etc.” (L.6-8) — As fontes típicas que evidenciam o uso padrão são os textos literários, o jornalismo de qualidade, os escritos acadêmicos e profissionais etc.

“They give Anne a rather interesting book every single year.”, the verb give can be said to be a ditransitive verb.

“They elected Prof. Palmer the head of that department for the second time.”, “the head of that department” is a direct object.

“Seeing the large crowd, John stopped his car.”, “Seeing the large crowd” is an adverbial clause.

“Bernard is now the best student at that college.”, “the best student” is a direct object.

“The new gas stove in the kitchen which I bought last month has a very efficient oven.”, the subject is “The new gas stove in the kitchen”.

“She expected that he would be here before her arrival but he didn’t do so.”, “do so” refers to “be here before her arrival”.

regard means to consider or have an opinion about something or someone.