Read the Text VI to answer question.

Text VI

Science and Technology: key to our national development

At a time when Nigeria is engaging in Vision 2020 development projects aimed at accelerating economic development to propel the country to the league of advanced nations by the year 2020, it is pertinent to highlight the role of science and technology in achieving this goal.

Science may be defined as “cumulative verifiable and communicative knowledge”. Pure science is the investigation of nature to satisfy the need to know while applied science is the application of pure science to some practical human need.

Technology on the other hand is a body of knowledge and devices by which man masters his environment. It is not synonymous with applied science, being more empirical in its approach to solving problems. The three major technologies – agriculture, medicine and engineering – all made substantial progress before they were wedded to science. Fundamentally, technology is an extension of man’s capacity to see further and clearer, hear more, travel faster and for greater distances etc. Science and technology have therefore been key drivers for growth and sustainable social development and transformation of nations, leading to industrialisation. (…)

Nigeria has a proliferation of Universities, and other tertiary institutions that can form the basis for development of science and technologies at different levels to provide support for the take off and sustainance of an industrial revolution. However, the country must be prepared to address specific obvious loopholes in the educational and industrial systems. For example, there is no foundation established for the development of science and technology.

Developed nations in the West have set the pace with about 10 per cent of their countries’ GDP set aside by law for development of science and technology. Asian countries such as South Korea have followed suit and set aside over 10 per cent of their GDP for science and technology. In Nigeria, inspite of a proliferation of Universities, Polytechnics and Research Institutes less than one per cent of GDP is allocated for funding of science and technology.

According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO 2007), there were 882,715 patent applications from China, 5,220,327 from the USA and only 699 from Nigeria between 1985- 2006. It has been shown that there is a definite correlation between funding of research and development and progress in science and technology. (…)

Disponível em: Source: http://www.commonwealthministers.com/special_reports/scienc

e_and_technology_key_to_our_national_development/. Accessed on September 13, 2013.

“(...) development to propel the country (…)”. Choose the word that can substitute “propel” without changing the idea of the sentence:

Based on Text IX, answer the Question:

Text IX

ISM Principles of Sustainability and Social Responsibility

(* ISM: Institute of Supply Management)

ISM firmly believes the supply management profession is a strategic contributor in the development and implementation of sustainability and social responsibility programs and behavior. Supply professionals are in a unique, critical position to impact the global supply chain and therefore should supplement their organization's work in sustainability and social responsibility by promoting sustainability and social responsibility through leadership and participation on appropriate committees, boards and panels of governmental and nongovernmental organizations.

Creating principles across social, industry, public and private, profit and nonprofit, political and country boundaries is both a challenge and an opportunity. This diversity presents a particular challenge in the area of sustainability and social responsibility, which does not have a lengthy history resulting in the development of well-known and universally acceptable best practices. Laws, regulations, trade agreements, customs and practices pertinent to sustainability and social responsibility must also be considered in the development and implementation of business strategies, policies and procedures. In addition, the advent of new technologies that enable a "virtual" world influence the evolution of sustainability and social responsibility in a supply chain context.

Principles: Anti-corruption; Diversity and inclusiveness- workforce and supply base; Environment; Ethics and Business Conduct; Financial Integrity and Transparency; Global Citizenship; Health and Safety; Human Rights; Labor Rights; and Sustainability.

Source: Adapted from www. ISM - Social Responsibility - ISM Principles of

Sustainability and Social Responsibility.htm. Accessed on Sept. 18, 2013.

“This diversity presents a particular challenge in the area of sustainability and social responsibility, which does not have a lengthy history resulting in the development of well-known and universally acceptable best practices.”

Considering the paragraph taken from the text, words that can be classified as head of noun phrases are:

Read the Text VII to answer question.

Text VII

The following document from the Earth Summit 2002 illustrates the link between S&T (Science&Technology) and Sustainable

Development: Science and Technology as a Foundation for Sustainable Development

Why is science and technology essential for sustainable development?

Sustainable development is probably the most daunting challenge that humanity has ever faced, and achieving it requires that the fundamental issues be addressed immediately at local, regional and global levels. At all scales, the role of science and technology is crucial; scientific knowledge and appropriate technologies are central to resolving the economic, social and environmental problems that make current development paths unsustainable. Bridging the development gap between the North and the South, and alleviating poverty to provide a more equitable and sustainable future for all, requires novel integrated approaches that fully incorporate existing and new scientific knowledge. The Scientific and Technological (S&T) community can make a leading contribution to tackling major problems identified in Sections III and V of the Millennium Declaration - "Freedom from want" and "Sustaining our future". These issues include: i) fighting against disease; ii) population growth and urbanization; iii) the digital/information divide; iv) coping with climate change; v) confronting the water crisis; vi) defending the soil; vii) preserving forests, fisheries and biodiversity and viii) building a new ethic of global stewardship. Whatever the cultural, geographical, socio-economic and environmental setting, a strong partnership between the S&T community and other members of civil society, the private sector and governments is a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable development.

Disponível em: Source: http://www.ensaa.eu/index.php/sts-and-sd.html. Accessed on: September 15,2013.

“(...) to tackling major problems identified (…)” The word in bold, “tackling”, could be substituted by .

Select the correct word that complete the sentence above:

Read the Text VI to answer question.

Text VI

Science and Technology: key to our national development

At a time when Nigeria is engaging in Vision 2020 development projects aimed at accelerating economic development to propel the country to the league of advanced nations by the year 2020, it is pertinent to highlight the role of science and technology in achieving this goal.

Science may be defined as “cumulative verifiable and communicative knowledge”. Pure science is the investigation of nature to satisfy the need to know while applied science is the application of pure science to some practical human need.

Technology on the other hand is a body of knowledge and devices by which man masters his environment. It is not synonymous with applied science, being more empirical in its approach to solving problems. The three major technologies – agriculture, medicine and engineering – all made substantial progress before they were wedded to science. Fundamentally, technology is an extension of man’s capacity to see further and clearer, hear more, travel faster and for greater distances etc. Science and technology have therefore been key drivers for growth and sustainable social development and transformation of nations, leading to industrialisation. (…)

Nigeria has a proliferation of Universities, and other tertiary institutions that can form the basis for development of science and technologies at different levels to provide support for the take off and sustainance of an industrial revolution. However, the country must be prepared to address specific obvious loopholes in the educational and industrial systems. For example, there is no foundation established for the development of science and technology.

Developed nations in the West have set the pace with about 10 per cent of their countries’ GDP set aside by law for development of science and technology. Asian countries such as South Korea have followed suit and set aside over 10 per cent of their GDP for science and technology. In Nigeria, inspite of a proliferation of Universities, Polytechnics and Research Institutes less than one per cent of GDP is allocated for funding of science and technology.

According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO 2007), there were 882,715 patent applications from China, 5,220,327 from the USA and only 699 from Nigeria between 1985- 2006. It has been shown that there is a definite correlation between funding of research and development and progress in science and technology. (…)

Disponível em: Source: http://www.commonwealthministers.com/special_reports/scienc

e_and_technology_key_to_our_national_development/. Accessed on September 13, 2013.

Select the correct alternative according to the research presented by WIPO in 2007: