“[...] na concepção interacional (dialógica) da língua, os sujeitos são vistos como atores/construtores sociais, sujeitos ativos que – dialogicamente – se constroem e são construídos no texto, considerado o próprio lugar da interação dos interlocutores.” (KOCH, Ingedore Villaça e ELIAS, Vanda Maria. Ler e compreender: os sentidos do texto. p. 10-11). Desse modo, e de acordo com o foco na interação autor texto-leitor, só NÃO podemos afirmar que:

[…] a series of hypotheses that make up a coherent theory of second language acquisition. According to the rules of scientific method, it will always be "just theory" and never be "definitely proven". The hypotheses I will present have, however, been found to be consistent with a significant amount of data, experimental and otherwise, and have not yet been confronted with serious counterexamples, in my view. They make up, collectively, my "position". This does not mean that I necessarily "believe" them. What it does mean is that these hypotheses are consistent enough with existing data to be worthy of consideration, and that they appear to capture the data better than other existing generalizations.

KRASHEN, Stephen. Principles and practice in second language acquisition. (1982, p. 02)

O linguista estadunidense Stephen Krashen é conhecido mundialmente por sua teoria de Second language aquisition. Em seu trabalho, ele elaborou uma teoria geral sustentada por cinco hipóteses que visam analisar e explicar como um falante adquire uma segunda língua. Dentre as alternativas abaixo, qual não é uma hipótese proposta por Krashen?

Em 2015, o British Council publicou um estudo intitulado “O Ensino de Inglês na Educação Pública Brasileira”, que visava a entender as principais características do ensino da língua inglesa na Educação Básica da rede pública brasileira considerando desde as políticas públicas para o ensino do idioma até as práticas cotidianas em sala de aula. De acordo com este estudo, qual dos problemas abaixo não figura como principal para o ensino da língua inglesa na educação pública básica brasileira?

Extract 1

The history of technology in language teaching could not be linear in a country like ours where social differences prevent technologies such as paper, the book, and even the electricity is within everyone's reach. Many obsolete technologies, such as the slide projector, for example, have never reached in certain schools. The computer has already been integrated into the language teaching of some institutions and many teachers have already adopted a didactic material accompanied by CD-Roms. It has already been possible to observe a gradual change of many who rejected in principle the innovations brought by the computer and the Internet. Although this technology continues to be seen by some as a miracle cure and by others as something to be feared. It is quite possible that the computer does not reach everyone, but it is necessary to remind that neither the book nor the computer will be miracles in the learning process. The success of acquiring a foreign language depends on the learner’s insertion in activities of social practice of language (…).

(PAIVA, V. L. M, O USO DA TECNOLOGIA NO ENSINO DE LÍNGUAS ESTRANGEIRAS: breve retrospectiva histórica 2017, pag. 14 - Disponível em: http:// www.veramenezes.com/techist.pdf)

Extract 2

(…) I no longer need to make the case for computers to be provided in education, because computers are there in abundance in all their modern forms. We may see traditional computers in labs, teachers and students walking around with laptops or tablet PCs, and many people will have a mobile phone in their pocket that is capable of doing rather more than the mainframe computers that started computer assisted language learning in the 1960s. I do recognise that there are many kinds of digital divide, and that this is not true everywhere.

What can put teachers off using technology

What is still sometimes an issue is the reliability of these technologies for classroom use. This can discourage teachers from making use of technology as often as they would want to. It's compounded by the fact that, if these teachers are working in schools, they are faced with classes of learners who may, on the surface at least, appear to be more digitally competent than their teachers are. Learners can therefore challenge their teachers, in ways that put the latter off using the technologies that could potentially make such a difference to what happens in the classroom. (…)

(Motteram, G., The benefits of new technology in language learning. Disponível em:https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/the benefits-newtechnology- language-learning. 18 September 2013.)

According to the extracts we can say:

Das várias concepções de gramática, temos aquela que considera “[...] a língua como um conjunto de variedades utilizadas por uma sociedade de acordo com o exigido pela situação de interação comunicativa em que o usuário da língua está engajado, percebe a gramática como o conjunto de regras que o falante de fato aprendeu e das quais lança mão ao falar”.

(TRAVAGLIA, Luiz Carlos. Gramática e interação: uma proposta para o ensino de gramática no 1º e 2º graus. 4ª ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 1998, p. 28).

Dessa forma, de acordo com excerto acima, pode-se afirmar que Luiz Carlos Travaglia refere-se à:

“Frequentemente ouvimos falar – e também falamos – sobre a importância da leitura na nossa vida, sobre a necessidade de se cultivar o hábito de leitura entre crianças e jovens, sobre o papel da escola na formação de leitores competentes [...] Mas, no bojo dessa discussão, destacam-se questões como: o que é ler? Para que ler? Como ler? Evidentemente, as perguntas poderão ser respondidas de diferentes modos, os quais revelarão uma concepção de leitura decorrente da concepção de sujeito, de língua, de texto e de sentido que se adote.

Sobre essa questão [...] a concepção de língua como representação do pensamento corresponde à de sujeito psicológico, individual, dono de suas vontades e ações. Trata-se de um sujeito visto como um ego que constrói uma representação mental e deseja que esta seja ‘captada’ pelo interlocutor da maneira como foi mentalizada.”

(KOCH, Ingedore Villaça e ELIAS, Vanda Maria. Ler e compreender: os sentidos do texto. p. 09-10)

Com base na leitura do texto e no que se refere à concepção de língua como representação do pensamento e de sujeito como senhor absoluto de suas ações e de seu dizer, só NÃO podemos afirmar que:

This study explores the implementation of the multimodality theory for high school students of English as a Foreign Language in a Brazilian context. This implementation was based on a study conducted by Almeida (2011), in which she proposed a multimodality framework for teaching multimodal texts. By using the framework, Almeida tried to establish a bridge between a theory designed to analyze visual structures (e.g., Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006) and its adaptation to the educational context (e.g., Browett, 2007; Jewitt, 2008; Oliveira, 2006; Riesland, 2005).

(…)

In Brazil, the importance of implementing activities in the classroom that focus on literacy, multiliteracy, multimodality and hypertext is highlighted by the Ministerio da Educação Secretaria de Educação Básica’s (Ministry of Education District of Basic Education) Curricular Orientations for Secondary School-OCEMs (2006), an official curriculum document. This document guides the curriculum of all schools in Brazil and it includes suggestions about the teaching of multimodality. To achieve this goal, the grammar of visual design (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006) is seen as an important starting point for the professional learning of teachers in visual literacy because it can help them understand how to read images and associate both kinds of text, visual and written.

(…)

Thus, we applied this approach in two classrooms where we could observe whether knowledge of multimodality theory affected the students’ reading of the texts. To this end, we prepared two activities focusing on the same multimodal text; the first activity was given to students before teaching them multimodality theory and the second one after instruction.

The picture used for Exercise 1 and 2 was the same. It was the picture of a man whose face looked like the face of a fish. The man was looking up and was wearing a blue shirt. At the bottom of the picture, centered in relation to the picture, and in capital letters was the following text: “STOP CLIMATE CHANGE BEFORE IT CHANGES YOU.” Below the text and centered in relation to the text, there was a panda picture with the WWF acronym below it followed by the text “for a living planet” in lowercase.

(…)

The students participated in the activities and had to point to us what aspects they had noticed in the text for the linguistic dimension (the colors, the size of the pictures, the way pictures were disposed in the text, their background, framing, degree of salience and eye contact, distance). For the socio-cultural dimension, they had to be able to answer wh- questions (who, why, where, when, which attitudes and values) and observe the emotions, situations, relations, symbols, power relations, characters and cultures involved in the picture. Finally, for the situational dimension, they had to analyze who created the picture, who it was targeted at, where it appeared, how much background knowledge was required to understand the picture, and its explicit and implicit ideological values.

(…)

Overall, we noticed that instruction on the theory helped students to understand better the context around them, mainly the socio-cultural context, and it helped students to improve their reading because the answers given before instruction on multimodality were very simple and did not point to a critical reading; they only focused on what was on the surface of the text like “the text tells about environment,” “if man does not stop destroying the environment, he will die” or “the man will become a fish if he keeps on destroying the environment”.

The answers given after those classes were more critical, the students used some concepts from the theory and were able to point to some aspects of the three dimensions, like who was in the picture, what the writer’s intention was; they also talked about the colors and the background of the picture pointing to the dark color, why the writer had used that image and not another one, they associated the man’s face to the words accompanying the visual.

(…)

The situational dimension seemed to be easier for students to understand and write about, mainly when it guided them to reflect about some aspect of production, circulation and consumption of the images. The socio-cultural context of images emphasized questions related to worldview, emotion, attitudes, values and power relationships and was easy for learners to understand. In contrast, students did not explore the linguistic aspect of the pictures; they did not mention colors, size, focus, background, or sharpness, perhaps because in everyday classes the students are not encouraged to talk about them.

(SOUZA, V.G. & ALMEIDA, D..Towards a Multimodal Critical Approach to the Teaching of EFL in Brazil. Published in Kamhi-Stein, L., Diaz Maggioli, G., & de Oliveira, L. C. (Eds.) (2017). English language teaching in South America: Policy, preparation, and practices. Multilingual Matters).

According to the text, choose the correct affirmative.

The study had as an aim to know the students’ performance in: