Foram encontradas 292 questões.
No pequeno intervalo desde que os meus primeiros fios de barba cresceram até que começassem a ficar grisalhos, nesse meio século, aconteceram mais transformações e mudanças radicais do que normalmente em dez gerações, e cada um de nós o sente: aconteceu demais! A minha vida foi invadida por todos os pálidos cavalos do Apocalipse, revolução e fome, inflação e terror, epidemias e emigração... Fui obrigado a ser testemunha indefesa e impotente do inimaginável retrocesso da humanidade para uma barbárie que há muito julgávamos esquecida... Mas, paradoxalmente, na mesma época em que o nosso mundo retrocedia um milênio no aspecto moral, vi a mesma humanidade elevar-se a feitos nunca antes imaginados no campo da técnica e do intelecto... Nunca, até a presente hora, a humanidade como um todo se comportou de maneira mais diabólica, e nunca produziu de forma tão divina.
Stefan Zweig. Autobiografia – O mundo de ontem. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2014, p. 14-6 (com adaptações).
Acerca de algumas das experiências evocadas no texto precedente, julgue o item a seguir.
Entre as obras de grande expressão artística que abordam experiências ligadas à Primeira Guerra Mundial destacam-se o romance A montanha mágica, de Thomas Mann, o relato autobiográfico Tempestades de aço, de Ernst Jünger, e o painel Guernica, de Pablo Picasso.
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No pequeno intervalo desde que os meus primeiros fios de barba cresceram até que começassem a ficar grisalhos, nesse meio século, aconteceram mais transformações e mudanças radicais do que normalmente em dez gerações, e cada um de nós o sente: aconteceu demais! A minha vida foi invadida por todos os pálidos cavalos do Apocalipse, revolução e fome, inflação e terror, epidemias e emigração... Fui obrigado a ser testemunha indefesa e impotente do inimaginável retrocesso da humanidade para uma barbárie que há muito julgávamos esquecida... Mas, paradoxalmente, na mesma época em que o nosso mundo retrocedia um milênio no aspecto moral, vi a mesma humanidade elevar-se a feitos nunca antes imaginados no campo da técnica e do intelecto... Nunca, até a presente hora, a humanidade como um todo se comportou de maneira mais diabólica, e nunca produziu de forma tão divina.
Stefan Zweig. Autobiografia – O mundo de ontem. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2014, p. 14-6 (com adaptações).
Acerca de algumas das experiências evocadas no texto precedente, julgue o item a seguir.
Embora tivesse sido previamente aliada da Alemanha e do Império Austro-Húngaro — no âmbito da chamada Tríplice Aliança —, a Itália atuou na Primeira Guerra Mundial, a partir de 1915, ao lado da Tríplice Entente, após receber promessas de ganhos territoriais.
Provas
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No pequeno intervalo desde que os meus primeiros fios de barba cresceram até que começassem a ficar grisalhos, nesse meio século, aconteceram mais transformações e mudanças radicais do que normalmente em dez gerações, e cada um de nós o sente: aconteceu demais! A minha vida foi invadida por todos os pálidos cavalos do Apocalipse, revolução e fome, inflação e terror, epidemias e emigração... Fui obrigado a ser testemunha indefesa e impotente do inimaginável retrocesso da humanidade para uma barbárie que há muito julgávamos esquecida... Mas, paradoxalmente, na mesma época em que o nosso mundo retrocedia um milênio no aspecto moral, vi a mesma humanidade elevar-se a feitos nunca antes imaginados no campo da técnica e do intelecto... Nunca, até a presente hora, a humanidade como um todo se comportou de maneira mais diabólica, e nunca produziu de forma tão divina.
Stefan Zweig. Autobiografia – O mundo de ontem. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2014, p. 14-6 (com adaptações).
Acerca de algumas das experiências evocadas no texto precedente, julgue o item a seguir.
Uma das razões que justificam a designação de guerra mundial ao conflito iniciado em 28 de julho de 1914 é a circunstância de que, desde as Guerras Napoleônicas, nenhum grande conflito armado havia envolvido mais que duas das principais potências mundiais.
Provas
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No pequeno intervalo desde que os meus primeiros fios de barba cresceram até que começassem a ficar grisalhos, nesse meio século, aconteceram mais transformações e mudanças radicais do que normalmente em dez gerações, e cada um de nós o sente: aconteceu demais! A minha vida foi invadida por todos os pálidos cavalos do Apocalipse, revolução e fome, inflação e terror, epidemias e emigração... Fui obrigado a ser testemunha indefesa e impotente do inimaginável retrocesso da humanidade para uma barbárie que há muito julgávamos esquecida... Mas, paradoxalmente, na mesma época em que o nosso mundo retrocedia um milênio no aspecto moral, vi a mesma humanidade elevar-se a feitos nunca antes imaginados no campo da técnica e do intelecto... Nunca, até a presente hora, a humanidade como um todo se comportou de maneira mais diabólica, e nunca produziu de forma tão divina.
Stefan Zweig. Autobiografia – O mundo de ontem. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2014, p. 14-6 (com adaptações).
Acerca de algumas das experiências evocadas no texto precedente, julgue o item a seguir.
A polêmica quanto às circunstâncias que levaram à Primeira Guerra Mundial, bem como a respeito da responsabilidade pelo conflito, iniciou-se no final da década de 30 do século passado, no momento em que se intensificavam os sinais de agressividade da política externa da Alemanha de Hitler.
Provas
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Text
As Hegel observed of the emerging democracies of the nineteenth century, in the universe of modern political subjects “what is to be authoritative… derives its authority, not at all from force, only to a small extent from habit and custom, really from insight and argument.” Under democracies, at least, argumentation complements pure force and arbitrary choice as a basic source of world-shaping decisions. Rationality itself has become a source of power; consensual political systems require agreement in thought as well as acquiescence in behavior. Twisting the liberalism of Hegel’s point in light of decades of discussion of the politics of representation, we must ask how any given claim comes to count as an insight and from what source arguments derive their social force.
This problem has been addressed most explicitly in the sociology of knowledge. Recent social studies of science have termed the epistemological standpoint that assumes a relation between power and knowledge an “equivalence postulate”. Barry Barnes and David Bloor, for example, describe this position as follows:
“Our equivalence postulate is that all beliefs are on a par with one another with respect to the causes of their credibility. It is not that all beliefs are equally true or equally false, but that regardless of truth and falsity the fact of their credibility is to be seen as equally problematic… Regardless of whether the sociologist evaluates a belief as true or rational, or as false and irrational, he must search for the causes of its credibility. Is a belief enjoined by the authorities of the society? Is it transmitted by established institutions of socialization or supported by accepted agencies of social control? Is it bound up with patterns of vested interest?” (…)
Instead of looking for fixed, universal laws of logic guaranteeing the connection of particular phenomena to general concepts, sociologists of knowledge seek the learned, contingent principles of thought actually used by human groups. (…) To investigate signification and justification as social practices, we have to explain why cognitive approaches differ without appealing to the ‘facts’ of the world.
Paul N. Edwards. The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996 (adapted ).
Considering the grammatical and semantic aspects of text, decide whether the following items are right or wrong.
The word “enjoined” cannot be replaced by endorsed in this particular context.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
As Hegel observed of the emerging democracies of the nineteenth century, in the universe of modern political subjects “what is to be authoritative… derives its authority, not at all from force, only to a small extent from habit and custom, really from insight and argument.” Under democracies, at least, argumentation complements pure force and arbitrary choice as a basic source of world-shaping decisions. Rationality itself has become a source of power; consensual political systems require agreement in thought as well as acquiescence in behavior. Twisting the liberalism of Hegel’s point in light of decades of discussion of the politics of representation, we must ask how any given claim comes to count as an insight and from what source arguments derive their social force.
This problem has been addressed most explicitly in the sociology of knowledge. Recent social studies of science have termed the epistemological standpoint that assumes a relation between power and knowledge an “equivalence postulate”. Barry Barnes and David Bloor, for example, describe this position as follows:
“Our equivalence postulate is that all beliefs are on a par with one another with respect to the causes of their credibility. It is not that all beliefs are equally true or equally false, but that regardless of truth and falsity the fact of their credibility is to be seen as equally problematic… Regardless of whether the sociologist evaluates a belief as true or rational, or as false and irrational, he must search for the causes of its credibility. Is a belief enjoined by the authorities of the society? Is it transmitted by established institutions of socialization or supported by accepted agencies of social control? Is it bound up with patterns of vested interest?” (…)
Instead of looking for fixed, universal laws of logic guaranteeing the connection of particular phenomena to general concepts, sociologists of knowledge seek the learned, contingent principles of thought actually used by human groups. (…) To investigate signification and justification as social practices, we have to explain why cognitive approaches differ without appealing to the ‘facts’ of the world.
Paul N. Edwards. The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996 (adapted ).
Considering the grammatical and semantic aspects of text, decide whether the following items are right or wrong.
The word “contingent” is synonymous with necessary.Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
As Hegel observed of the emerging democracies of the nineteenth century, in the universe of modern political subjects “what is to be authoritative… derives its authority, not at all from force, only to a small extent from habit and custom, really from insight and argument.” Under democracies, at least, argumentation complements pure force and arbitrary choice as a basic source of world-shaping decisions. Rationality itself has become a source of power; consensual political systems require agreement in thought as well as acquiescence in behavior. Twisting the liberalism of Hegel’s point in light of decades of discussion of the politics of representation, we must ask how any given claim comes to count as an insight and from what source arguments derive their social force.
This problem has been addressed most explicitly in the sociology of knowledge. Recent social studies of science have termed the epistemological standpoint that assumes a relation between power and knowledge an “equivalence postulate”. Barry Barnes and David Bloor, for example, describe this position as follows:
“Our equivalence postulate is that all beliefs are on a par with one another with respect to the causes of their credibility. It is not that all beliefs are equally true or equally false, but that regardless of truth and falsity the fact of their credibility is to be seen as equally problematic… Regardless of whether the sociologist evaluates a belief as true or rational, or as false and irrational, he must search for the causes of its credibility. Is a belief enjoined by the authorities of the society? Is it transmitted by established institutions of socialization or supported by accepted agencies of social control? Is it bound up with patterns of vested interest?” (…)
Instead of looking for fixed, universal laws of logic guaranteeing the connection of particular phenomena to general concepts, sociologists of knowledge seek the learned, contingent principles of thought actually used by human groups. (…) To investigate signification and justification as social practices, we have to explain why cognitive approaches differ without appealing to the ‘facts’ of the world.
Paul N. Edwards. The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996 (adapted ).
Considering the grammatical and semantic aspects of text, decide whether the following items are right or wrong.
The text asserts that facts should be judged to be the sole standard against which to define beliefs.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
As Hegel observed of the emerging democracies of the nineteenth century, in the universe of modern political subjects “what is to be authoritative… derives its authority, not at all from force, only to a small extent from habit and custom, really from insight and argument.” Under democracies, at least, argumentation complements pure force and arbitrary choice as a basic source of world-shaping decisions. Rationality itself has become a source of power; consensual political systems require agreement in thought as well as acquiescence in behavior. Twisting the liberalism of Hegel’s point in light of decades of discussion of the politics of representation, we must ask how any given claim comes to count as an insight and from what source arguments derive their social force.
This problem has been addressed most explicitly in the sociology of knowledge. Recent social studies of science have termed the epistemological standpoint that assumes a relation between power and knowledge an “equivalence postulate”. Barry Barnes and David Bloor, for example, describe this position as follows:
“Our equivalence postulate is that all beliefs are on a par with one another with respect to the causes of their credibility. It is not that all beliefs are equally true or equally false, but that regardless of truth and falsity the fact of their credibility is to be seen as equally problematic… Regardless of whether the sociologist evaluates a belief as true or rational, or as false and irrational, he must search for the causes of its credibility. Is a belief enjoined by the authorities of the society? Is it transmitted by established institutions of socialization or supported by accepted agencies of social control? Is it bound up with patterns of vested interest?” (…)
Instead of looking for fixed, universal laws of logic guaranteeing the connection of particular phenomena to general concepts, sociologists of knowledge seek the learned, contingent principles of thought actually used by human groups. (…) To investigate signification and justification as social practices, we have to explain why cognitive approaches differ without appealing to the ‘facts’ of the world.
Paul N. Edwards. The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996 (adapted ).
Considering the grammatical and semantic aspects of text, decide whether the following items are right or wrong.
The expression “on a par” means competing.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
When did Americans start sounding funny to English ears? The story is not as simple as some believe. Thanks to a remarkable kind of linguistic melting pot process, early Americans spoke with a standard dialect all their own that was often met with approval by English observers, in contrast to how certain American accents are sometimes judged today.
From the early eighteenth century, while British English speakers could easily reveal details about their background through their speech, it was much harder to pinpoint an American speaker’s background in the same way. Many described the American dialect of the day as being, surprisingly, pretty close to the accepted British grammatical standard of London “polite” society, even if there were some accent differences and linguistic variation. While these would have been indicators of lower status in England, in colonial America speakers of all classes and regions might have used these forms, diluting them as signs of social status.
Some fairly resilient linguistic myths have arisen as folk explanations for why British and American dialects are the way they are, including the often-cited belief that Shakespeare sounded much more American than he did British, and thus American English must be free from any modern linguistic “corruption” that followed.
George Philip Krapp, among others, makes a compelling argument against the theory that a transplanted dialect or language suddenly has its linguistic development arrested, so that examples like American English or Acadian French must simply be more archaic than the dialects that continued evolving in their home countries.
Far from being an isolated community, the American colonies developed culturally and linguistically while being in constant contact with the outside world and with a healthy flow of immigrants from many different backgrounds. The truth is, in the context of a linguistic melting pot, a kind of linguistic leveling occurs, and a common mode of speech, or koine, emerges. No single dialect is really transplanted intact and unchanging. American English is not eighteenth-century British English frozen in time while British English varieties changed in a different direction. American English behaves no differently from any other dialect in this way; it develops and innovates but also maintains certain linguistic characteristics meaningful to its speech community, in the same way that British English does.
But in order for linguistic innovation to really take root, you need a bunch of colonial babies. The founding generation of settlers wasn’t immediately followed by a huge influx of immigrants with other dialects and languages until an American koine was already mostly established by newer generations of Americans, at which point more recent immigrant waves began to adopt the prevailing ways of speaking. Many eventually abandoned their native tongue and assimilated into the wider linguistic community.
So by the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, it’s clear Americans didn’t have to hold their tongue with the British — they spoke with the national dialect that had steadily evolved for at least two generations before 1776.
Chi Luu. When Did Colonial America Gain Linguistic Independence? Internet: <https://daily.jstor.org> (adapted ).
Considering the grammatical and semantic aspects of text, decide whether the following items are right or wrong.
The expression “hold their tongue with” could be replaced by uphold their dialect against without altering the meaning of the sentence.
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Text
When did Americans start sounding funny to English ears? The story is not as simple as some believe. Thanks to a remarkable kind of linguistic melting pot process, early Americans spoke with a standard dialect all their own that was often met with approval by English observers, in contrast to how certain American accents are sometimes judged today.
From the early eighteenth century, while British English speakers could easily reveal details about their background through their speech, it was much harder to pinpoint an American speaker’s background in the same way. Many described the American dialect of the day as being, surprisingly, pretty close to the accepted British grammatical standard of London “polite” society, even if there were some accent differences and linguistic variation. While these would have been indicators of lower status in England, in colonial America speakers of all classes and regions might have used these forms, diluting them as signs of social status.
Some fairly resilient linguistic myths have arisen as folk explanations for why British and American dialects are the way they are, including the often-cited belief that Shakespeare sounded much more American than he did British, and thus American English must be free from any modern linguistic “corruption” that followed.
George Philip Krapp, among others, makes a compelling argument against the theory that a transplanted dialect or language suddenly has its linguistic development arrested, so that examples like American English or Acadian French must simply be more archaic than the dialects that continued evolving in their home countries.
Far from being an isolated community, the American colonies developed culturally and linguistically while being in constant contact with the outside world and with a healthy flow of immigrants from many different backgrounds. The truth is, in the context of a linguistic melting pot, a kind of linguistic leveling occurs, and a common mode of speech, or koine, emerges. No single dialect is really transplanted intact and unchanging. American English is not eighteenth-century British English frozen in time while British English varieties changed in a different direction. American English behaves no differently from any other dialect in this way; it develops and innovates but also maintains certain linguistic characteristics meaningful to its speech community, in the same way that British English does.
But in order for linguistic innovation to really take root, you need a bunch of colonial babies. The founding generation of settlers wasn’t immediately followed by a huge influx of immigrants with other dialects and languages until an American koine was already mostly established by newer generations of Americans, at which point more recent immigrant waves began to adopt the prevailing ways of speaking. Many eventually abandoned their native tongue and assimilated into the wider linguistic community.
So by the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, it’s clear Americans didn’t have to hold their tongue with the British — they spoke with the national dialect that had steadily evolved for at least two generations before 1776.
Chi Luu. When Did Colonial America Gain Linguistic Independence? Internet: <https://daily.jstor.org> (adapted ).
Considering the grammatical and semantic aspects of text, decide whether the following items are right or wrong.
The adjective “compelling” could be replaced by thorough in this particular context.
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