The biology of human sleep timing, like that of other mammals, changes as we age. As puberty begins, bedtimes and waking times get later. This trend continues until 19.5 years in women and 21 in men. Then it reverses. At 55 we wake at about the time we woke before puberty. On average this is two hours earlier than adolescents. This means that for a teenager, a 7 am alarm call is the equivalent of a 5 am start for a person in their 50s.

However, biology is only part of the problem.

Additional factors include a more relaxed attitude to bedtimes by parents, a general disregard for the importance of sleep, and access to TVs, DVDs, PCs, gaming devices, cellphones and so on, which promote alertness.

Researchers at Brown University in Providence have shown that teenagers need about 9 hours of sleep per night.

Observations at a school in Liverpool suggested many were getting just 5 hours on a school night. Unsurprisingly, teachers reported students falling asleep in class.

Evidence that sleep is important is overwhelming.

Research has demonstrated its critical role in memory consolidation and our ability to generate innovative solutions 22 to complex problems. Similar studies have shown that long-term sleep deprivation might be an important factor in predisposing people to diabetes, obesity and hypertension.

Adolescents are increasingly using stimulants to compensate for sleep loss, and caffeinated and/or sugary drinks are the usual choice. The half-life of caffeine is 5 to 9 hours. So a 28 caffeinated drink late in the day delays sleep at night. Tiredness also increases the possibility of taking up smoking.

In the US, the observation that teenagers have 31 biologically delayed sleep patterns compared to adults has led several schools to start the school day at a later time. An analysis of the impact of this decision by the University of 34 Minnesota found that academic performance was enhanced, as was attendance. Sleeping in class declined, as did self-reported depression.

In the UK, a specific high school instituted a 10 am start in 2009 and saw an improvement in academic performance. However, a later start by itself is not enough.

Society in general, and teenagers in particular, must start to take sleep seriously. Sleep is not a luxury or an indulgence but a fundamental biological need.

Russell Foster. Why teenagers really do need an extra hour in
bed. April 22, 2013. Internet: <www.newscientist.com> (adapted).

Judge the following item according to the text.

In the sentence “Society in general, and teenagers in particular, must start to take sleep seriously”, the verb “must” can be correctly replaced with should without changing in the meaning of the text.

Fear started taking over. I was walking into my first school in America. I had traveled a long distance from India in order to join my mother, who had been here for three years, hoping America would help my future. I was afraid how I would do. I didn’t know anybody in my classes. On the first day, I went to my second period class after I had missed my first. I was already confused because in India the teachers switch classes according to periods while most of the students have the same period. With anxiety on one hand and fear on the other, I reached for the doorknob, opening it slowly.

Everyone’s eyes were on me as I entered the room. Without paying attention to them, I went straight to the teacher and asked if this was the right class. With a soft voice he answered, “Yes.” His voice comforted me a little. He gave me a sheet called Course Requirements, which I would never get in India because we didn’t have anything like that. Then he asked me to choose where I would sit. I chose the seat closest to the door instead of the corner where all of the boys were sitting. I didn’t actually want to pick a seat. In India we had assigned seats, so I never needed to worry about that. I spent the rest of the class taking notes from the image produced by the class projector.

Internet: <www.teenink.com> (adapted).

Judge if the translation suggested in item grammatically correct and maintains the meaning of the original text.

“In India we had assigned seats, so I never needed to worry about that” = Na Índia, nós tínhamos assentos designados, então eu nunca precisei me preocupar com aquilo.

The biology of human sleep timing, like that of other mammals, changes as we age. As puberty begins, bedtimes and waking times get later. This trend continues until 19.5 years in women and 21 in men. Then it reverses. At 55 we wake at about the time we woke before puberty. On average this is two hours earlier than adolescents. This means that for a teenager, a 7 am alarm call is the equivalent of a 5 am start for a person in their 50s.

However, biology is only part of the problem.

Additional factors include a more relaxed attitude to bedtimes by parents, a general disregard for the importance of sleep, and access to TVs, DVDs, PCs, gaming devices, cellphones and so on, which promote alertness.

Researchers at Brown University in Providence have shown that teenagers need about 9 hours of sleep per night.

Observations at a school in Liverpool suggested many were getting just 5 hours on a school night. Unsurprisingly, teachers reported students falling asleep in class.

Evidence that sleep is important is overwhelming.

Research has demonstrated its critical role in memory consolidation and our ability to generate innovative solutions 22 to complex problems. Similar studies have shown that long-term sleep deprivation might be an important factor in predisposing people to diabetes, obesity and hypertension.

Adolescents are increasingly using stimulants to compensate for sleep loss, and caffeinated and/or sugary drinks are the usual choice. The half-life of caffeine is 5 to 9 hours. So a 28 caffeinated drink late in the day delays sleep at night. Tiredness also increases the possibility of taking up smoking.

In the US, the observation that teenagers have 31 biologically delayed sleep patterns compared to adults has led several schools to start the school day at a later time. An analysis of the impact of this decision by the University of 34 Minnesota found that academic performance was enhanced, as was attendance. Sleeping in class declined, as did self-reported depression.

In the UK, a specific high school instituted a 10 am start in 2009 and saw an improvement in academic performance. However, a later start by itself is not enough.

Society in general, and teenagers in particular, must start to take sleep seriously. Sleep is not a luxury or an indulgence but a fundamental biological need.

Russell Foster. Why teenagers really do need an extra hour in
bed. April 22, 2013. Internet: <www.newscientist.com> (adapted).

Judge the following item according to the text.

The author’s intention is to explain the benefits of sleep for teenagers.

Most people agree with the definition of good health as being a state in which you are free from sickness. Despite this, there are many different opinions about how a person can actually have good health. People used to think of their health only when they were sick. But these days more and more people are taking measures to make sure that they don’t get sick in the first place. I will describe now a few of the most common things that you can do to stay healthy.

One of the best things you can do for your body is exercise. But how much is enough? Some people think that doing simple things like cleaning the house are helpful. Other people do heavy exercise everyday such as running or swimming. One thing experts do agree on is that any kind of exercise is good for you.

Along with exercise, having a healthy diet can help promote good health. Foods like vegetables and fruits should be eaten several times each day. It is also important to eat foods high in fiber such as beans, grains, fruit and vegetables.

Avoiding foods with a lot of sugar, salt and fat is a good idea.

Eating these kinds of foods can lead to a variety of health problems, the main one being obesity which means having so much fat on your body that you are risking your health.

In today’s modern world, we all have some level of stress in our lives. Money problems, work and relationships with other people can all cause stress. It can also be caused by good things like getting married or moving into a new house.

The important thing to remember is that you can never completely remove stress from your life. It will always be with you. Instead of trying to get rid of stress, people need to be aware of what causes them stress and find ways to reduce the impact that stress has on their lives.

Good health. In: Internet :
<www.eskreadinglessons.com> (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.

The expression “People used to think” suggests that they no longer think that way.

Art and beauty have long been intertwined. At times, the artist has looked to nature as the standard of beauty and has thus imitated it. At other times, the artist has thought to improve upon nature, developing an alternative standard — an idealized form. Standards of beauty in and of themselves are by no means universal. The Classical Greeks were obsessed with their idea of beauty and fashioned mathematical formulas for rendering the human body in sculpture so that it would achieve a majesty and perfection unknown in nature. The sixteenth-century artist Leonardo da Vinci, in what is perhaps the most famous painting in the history of Western art, enchants generations of viewers with the eternal beauty and mysteriousness of the smiling Mona Lisa. But appreciation of the refined features of this Italian woman is tied to a Western concept of beauty. Elsewhere in the world, these features may seem unattractive or undesirable. On the other hand, the standard of beauty in some non-Western societies that hold body painting, tattooing, and adornment both beautiful and sacred may seem odd and unattractive to someone from the Western world. One art form need not be seen as intrinsically superior to the other: in those works, quite simply, the perception of beauty varies from an individual to the next.

DK publishing. Art that changed the world, Londres, 2013, p. 26 (adapted).

Judge the following itemaccording to the text above.

No change in meaning will occur if “need not be seen” is replaced with must not be seen.

Art and beauty have long been intertwined. At times, the artist has looked to nature as the standard of beauty and has thus imitated it. At other times, the artist has thought to improve upon nature, developing an alternative standard — an idealized form. Standards of beauty in and of themselves are by no means universal. The Classical Greeks were obsessed with their idea of beauty and fashioned mathematical formulas for rendering the human body in sculpture so that it would achieve a majesty and perfection unknown in nature. The sixteenth-century artist Leonardo da Vinci, in what is perhaps the most famous painting in the history of Western art, enchants generations of viewers with the eternal beauty and mysteriousness of the smiling Mona Lisa. But appreciation of the refined features of this Italian woman is tied to a Western concept of beauty. Elsewhere in the world, these features may seem unattractive or undesirable. On the other hand, the standard of beauty in some non-Western societies that hold body painting, tattooing, and adornment both beautiful and sacred may seem odd and unattractive to someone from the Western world. One art form need not be seen as intrinsically superior to the other: in those works, quite simply, the perception of beauty varies from an individual to the next.

DK publishing. Art that changed the world, Londres, 2013, p. 26 (adapted).

Judge the following itemaccording to the text above.

The author used the expression “On the other hand” to connect two different ideas.

Acerca da administração pública brasileira, julgue o item.

A participação popular na gestão pública é considerada uma estratégia para a promoção da democracia e da descentralização na tomada de decisões.

Ao nos contar a história dos percalços de um funcionário em ascensão pela burocracia do Brasil imperial, Antonio Candido revisita as questões cruciais de nosso século XIX.

Nascido em um Rio ainda joanino em 1810, Antonio Nicolau Tolentino entrou para o serviço público em 1825, atravessou os anos turbulentos das Regências e do início do Segundo Reinado, falecendo em julho de 1888, logo após a abolição da escravatura. O personagem viveu, portanto, quase todo o período. Em si, o fato não tornaria mais, ou menos, interessante sua trajetória pessoal, não fosse ela significativa o suficiente para revelar a dinâmica social do tempo. Filho de lavradores pobres ou de mãe solteira — não se sabe ao certo —, saiu da obscuridade por esforço próprio, foi reconhecido em seu valor por figurões da política, arranjou um bom casamento entre a elite e terminou seus dias como alto funcionário.

Da roça aos salões de baile na Corte, a subida não foi feita sem ânimo prestativo, hesitações, orgulho das próprias qualidades, espera do momento oportuno e resignação de quem teve de ouvir calado. Tudo isso num quadro social que não lhe garantia qualquer reconhecimento e é uma constante brasileira até hoje. Entretanto, Tolentino não apenas abaixava a cabeça para resguardar sua carreira, como faria um adulador medíocre; havia nele um idealismo, no bom sentido do termo, que obviamente encontrou resistências quando foi posto em prática. O nervo da narrativa de Antonio Candido é o conflito entre as intenções racionais do burocrata e a politicagem ampla, geral e irrestrita.

Não se trata, contudo, de luta do bem contra o mal, pois tal embate tem uma especificação histórica cuja raiz se encontra no próprio surgimento do Brasil como país. Em outras palavras, o Brasil independente afirmava-se como nação moderna, adotava uma Constituição, um Parlamento, fraque e cartola, ao mesmo tempo em que mantinha a maior parte de sua população fora do âmbito da cidadania.

Milton Ohata. “Ascensão à brasileira” - Resenha de Um funcionário
da monarquia: ensaio sobre o segundo escalão, de Antonio Candido.
In: Novos estudos CEBRAP. n.º 34, nov./2002 (com adaptações).

Considerando os aspectos estruturais e gramaticais do texto, julgue o item subsequente.

Fiel à natureza do gênero resenha, o autor não emite impressões pessoais, concentrando-se em reproduzir as informações do texto resenhado.

Acerca da administração pública brasileira, julgue o item.

Os orçamentos participativos, considerados um mecanismo de controle social, são realizados mediante assembleias para a consulta popular, com vistas à definição de prioridades nas políticas públicas.

Something about my mother attracts ornithologists. It all started years ago when a couple of them discovered she had a rare species of woodpecker* coming to her bird feeder. They came in the house and sat around the window, exclaiming and taking pictures with big cameras.

There always seemed to be three or four of them wandering around our place, discussing the body fat of hummingbirds**.

In those days, wild turkey were rare, and the pure-strain wild turkeys had begun to interbreed with farmers’ domestic stock. It was extinction by dilution.

One ornithologist had devised a method to compute the ratio of domestic to pure-strain wild turkey in an individual bird by comparing the angle of flight at takeoff and the rate of acceleration. By then, the turkeys were flying low and slow.

It was during that time, when I was six years old, that I caught the measles. I had a high fever, and my mother was worried about me.

Even the ornithologists stayed away — but not out of fear of the measles or respect for a household with sickness.

The fact was, they had discovered a wild turkey nest.

According to the formula, the hen was pure-strain wild — not a little bit of the sluggish domestic bird in her blood — and the ornithologists were camping in the woods, protecting her nest from predators and taking pictures.

One night our phone rang. It was one of the ornithologists. “Does your little girl still have measles?” he asked.

“Yes”, said my mother. “She’s very sick. Her temperature is 39 ºC.”

“I’ll be right over”, said the man.

In five minutes a whole carload of them arrived.

“thirty-nine, did you say? Where is she?” they asked my mother. They went into my room and set a box down on the bed. I was barely conscious, and when I opened my eyes, their worried faces seemed to float out of the darkness like giant, glowing eggs. They removed the cover off me and felt me all over. They consulted in whispers.

“Feels just right, I’d say.”

“Thirty-nine — can’t miss if we tuck them up close and she lies still.”

I closed my eyes then, and after a while the ornithologists disappeared.

The next morning I was better. For the first time in days I could think. The memory of the scientists with their whispered voices and their cool hands was like a dream from another life. But when I pulled down the covers, there staring up at me with wide mouths,were sixteen baby turkeys and the broken pieces of sixteen brown eggs.

Turkeys. In: Internet: <www.tacoma.k12.us> (adapted).

Glossary

* woodpecker = pica-pau

** hummingbirds = beija-flor

Based on the text above, judge the following item.

In order for you to catch “the measles”, you have to go out in the woods with all the necessary hunting equipment.