No que se refere à trajetória da administração pública no Brasil, julgue o item que se seguem.

Na atualidade, o modelo patrimonialista consiste em prática extinta no âmbito da administração pública brasileira.

Cosmetic surgery is the science of changing the way a person looks by reshaping a part of his/her body. Throughout times, people have always had the desire to look more beautiful and fashionable. Whatever their age, size, or shape, people have followed fashion in order to look more attractive.

Cosmetic surgery is also used in many countries to improve the appearance of people who have been hurt in fires or in car accidents. Cosmetic surgery is also used to improve the appearance of children who are born with physical problems.

Like any other surgery, cosmetic surgery can be dangerous and painful. It is also somewhat expensive for the average person. But as surgeons find safer, faster and less expensive techniques, people around the world will continue their search for beauty.

Carolyn Duparequier Sardinas & Laurie Betta. North star focus on
reading and writing. Intermediate Longman. p. 161 (adapted).

According to the text, judge the item below.

The phrase “people have always had the desire to look” can be correctly replaced with people always had the desire to look.

A função pública sempre esteve ligada a motivações como a natureza do serviço e o compromisso com o interesse comum. No entanto, o tipo de atividade das instituições públicas pressupõe uma cadeia de intermediações que distancia a atuação dos gestores dos efeitos decorrentes de seus atos.

Instituições grandes, pesadas e rígidas, cadeias de decisão extensas e complexas, limitações de regulamentos e recursos, prejudicam a busca de níveis mais elevados de eficiência e eficácia. Para atingir bem seus objetivos, as empresas públicas devem procurar criar condições equivalentes à racionalidade das empresas privadas, sem desconsiderar a especificidade do setor público. Neste, não existem instrumentos contábeis equivalentes aos balanços anuais nem indicadores claros de produtividade ou incentivos que estimulem. É comum, inclusive, a falta de clareza a respeito dos objetivos e produtos de cada unidade administrativa ou prestadora de serviços. Portanto, para se reproduzir a racionalidade microeconômica, devem ser definidos critérios e criados mecanismos que sejam coerentes com a realidade do setor público.

Entre os critérios em discussão, encontram-se os conceitos da produtividade no setor público; a modificação dos processos orçamentários com definições ligadas a objetivos e produtos mensuráveis e passíveis de avaliação; a revisão dos elementos que definem a rentabilidade social dos programas, serviços e investimentos realizados pelo Estado; a incorporação de critérios que atribuam peso maior à demanda dos usuários na tomada de decisão no setor público; e, por último, a adoção de padrões comparativos como forma de avaliar o rendimento e a qualidade da ação estatal.

Carolina Tohá e Ricardo Solari. A modernização do Estado e a gerência pública. In:
Revista do Serviço Público. Ano 48 n.º 3, set.-dez./1997 (com adaptações).

Considerando as informações e as estruturas linguísticas do texto acima, julgue o item a seguir.

Em “condições equivalentes à racionalidade das empresas privadas”, caso o elemento “racionalidade” fosse flexionado no plural, o acento grave indicativo de crase deveria ser mantido.

The best way to see most of Washington’s monuments and museums is to stroll down the Mall, a greenway crowned by the Capitol and lined with treasure all the way to the Lincoln Memorial. Start by taking the Metro there (orange or blue line to Smithsonian; take the Mall exit out of the station), as parking is impossible. Then choose your own adventure, rambling in and out of museums and staying only as long as you’d like. If you have kids with you, take a break at the old-fashioned carousel in front of the Arts and Industries building, about halfway down the Mall. Or duck into the sculpture garden at the Hirshhorn Museum nearby. There’s a lot to see, so you'll have to prioritize — or chill out and assume you’ll be back one day.

The National Museum of American History is one museum not to be missed on the Mall. Reopened on Nov. 21, 2008, after a two-year renovation, it is a massive collection of all things American — from Abraham Lincoln’s top hat to the Nintendo Game Boy. Another sure thing on the Mall, the National Museum of Natural History has something for everyone in the family. The Hope Diamond is here, along with an insect zoo, an IMAX cinema and a hall full of dinosaurs.

The National Mall. In: Internet: <www.content.time.com> (adapted).

Judge if the translation suggested in each following item is grammatically correct and maintains the meaning of the original text.

“Start by taking the Metro there (orange or blue line to Smithsonian; take the Mall exit out of the station)” = Comece pegando o Metrô para lá (linha laranja ou azul para Smithsonian; tome a saída para Mall quando chegar à estação).

One of the most important decisions in life is deciding on a job. I first came to this country without knowing any English. Therefore, I had a hard time finding a job. I applied everywhere, but no one called me for a job. For that reason, I attended college and took some classes that helped me to have a good career. Now I have almost gotten my AA degree. After I had attended college for one year, I applied at a shoe store and they hired me right away. My plan is to transfer to the university; after that, I can easily find a better job.

Suzanne W. Woodward. Fun with grammar.
Prentice Hall Regents. p.103 (adapted).

Based on the text, judge the item that follow.

The narrator applied for a job at a shoe store and was hired before he/she attended college.

The biology of human sleep timing, like that of other mammals, changes as we age. As puberty begins, bedtimes and waking times get later. This trend continues until 19.5 years in women and 21 in men. Then it reverses. At 55 we wake at about the time we woke before puberty. On average this is two hours earlier than adolescents. This means that for a teenager, a 7 am alarm call is the equivalent of a 5 am start for a person in their 50s.

However, biology is only part of the problem.

Additional factors include a more relaxed attitude to bedtimes by parents, a general disregard for the importance of sleep, and access to TVs, DVDs, PCs, gaming devices, cellphones and so on, which promote alertness.

Researchers at Brown University in Providence have shown that teenagers need about 9 hours of sleep per night.

Observations at a school in Liverpool suggested many were getting just 5 hours on a school night. Unsurprisingly, teachers reported students falling asleep in class.

Evidence that sleep is important is overwhelming.

Research has demonstrated its critical role in memory consolidation and our ability to generate innovative solutions 22 to complex problems. Similar studies have shown that long-term sleep deprivation might be an important factor in predisposing people to diabetes, obesity and hypertension.

Adolescents are increasingly using stimulants to compensate for sleep loss, and caffeinated and/or sugary drinks are the usual choice. The half-life of caffeine is 5 to 9 hours. So a 28 caffeinated drink late in the day delays sleep at night. Tiredness also increases the possibility of taking up smoking.

In the US, the observation that teenagers have 31 biologically delayed sleep patterns compared to adults has led several schools to start the school day at a later time. An analysis of the impact of this decision by the University of 34 Minnesota found that academic performance was enhanced, as was attendance. Sleeping in class declined, as did self-reported depression.

In the UK, a specific high school instituted a 10 am start in 2009 and saw an improvement in academic performance. However, a later start by itself is not enough.

Society in general, and teenagers in particular, must start to take sleep seriously. Sleep is not a luxury or an indulgence but a fundamental biological need.

Russell Foster. Why teenagers really do need an extra hour in
bed. April 22, 2013. Internet: <www.newscientist.com> (adapted).

Judge the following item according to the text.

In “Tiredness also increases the possibility”, the word “Tiredness” can be correctly replaced with Fatigued.

When babies learn to talk, they pay close attention to grammar. Specifically verbs. A new study shows that hearing what an object does is how they learn what an object is.

Researchers showed infants between 15 and 19 months of age pairs of images on a screen. Each pair included an animal and a non-living object. Then the screen went dark and the infants overheard a conversation that included a nonsense word: “blick.” Some babies heard a sentence with an action verb like “The blick eats.” Others heard a sentence like “The blick is over here,” with no action verb.

The infants then again saw the screen with an animal and an inanimate object. And a researcher said, “Look at the blick.” Infants who had heard the active sentence looked more often and longer at the animal, compared with those who had heard the sentence lacking any action. Because if all the babies know is that “the blick is over here,” it could be any object, alive or not. The study is in the journal Cognition. The researchers say that learning language requires the infant to listen to natural conversations and to analyze the complex situations being discussed.

Christie Nicholson. Infants use verbs they know to learn new nouns.
March 10, 2014. Internet: <www.scientificamerican.com> (adapted).

According to the text, judge the following item.

In the sentence “the infants overheard a conversation”, the prefix “over” is added to the verb form “heard” to emphasize the act of hearing.

A função pública sempre esteve ligada a motivações como a natureza do serviço e o compromisso com o interesse comum. No entanto, o tipo de atividade das instituições públicas pressupõe uma cadeia de intermediações que distancia a atuação dos gestores dos efeitos decorrentes de seus atos.

Instituições grandes, pesadas e rígidas, cadeias de decisão extensas e complexas, limitações de regulamentos e recursos, prejudicam a busca de níveis mais elevados de eficiência e eficácia. Para atingir bem seus objetivos, as empresas públicas devem procurar criar condições equivalentes à racionalidade das empresas privadas, sem desconsiderar a especificidade do setor público. Neste, não existem instrumentos contábeis equivalentes aos balanços anuais nem indicadores claros de produtividade ou incentivos que estimulem. É comum, inclusive, a falta de clareza a respeito dos objetivos e produtos de cada unidade administrativa ou prestadora de serviços. Portanto, para se reproduzir a racionalidade microeconômica, devem ser definidos critérios e criados mecanismos que sejam coerentes com a realidade do setor público.

Entre os critérios em discussão, encontram-se os conceitos da produtividade no setor público; a modificação dos processos orçamentários com definições ligadas a objetivos e produtos mensuráveis e passíveis de avaliação; a revisão dos elementos que definem a rentabilidade social dos programas, serviços e investimentos realizados pelo Estado; a incorporação de critérios que atribuam peso maior à demanda dos usuários na tomada de decisão no setor público; e, por último, a adoção de padrões comparativos como forma de avaliar o rendimento e a qualidade da ação estatal.

Carolina Tohá e Ricardo Solari. A modernização do Estado e a gerência pública. In:
Revista do Serviço Público. Ano 48 n.º 3, set.-dez./1997 (com adaptações).

Considerando as informações e as estruturas linguísticas do texto acima, julgue o item a seguir.

No último parágrafo do texto, são mencionados elementos presentes no setor público que prejudicam a prestação de serviços aos cidadãos.

When babies learn to talk, they pay close attention to grammar. Specifically verbs. A new study shows that hearing what an object does is how they learn what an object is.

Researchers showed infants between 15 and 19 months of age pairs of images on a screen. Each pair included an animal and a non-living object. Then the screen went dark and the infants overheard a conversation that included a nonsense word: “blick.” Some babies heard a sentence with an action verb like “The blick eats.” Others heard a sentence like “The blick is over here,” with no action verb.

The infants then again saw the screen with an animal and an inanimate object. And a researcher said, “Look at the blick.” Infants who had heard the active sentence looked more often and longer at the animal, compared with those who had heard the sentence lacking any action. Because if all the babies know is that “the blick is over here,” it could be any object, alive or not. The study is in the journal Cognition. The researchers say that learning language requires the infant to listen to natural conversations and to analyze the complex situations being discussed.

Christie Nicholson. Infants use verbs they know to learn new nouns.
March 10, 2014. Internet: <www.scientificamerican.com> (adapted).

According to the text, judge the following item.

The adjective “non-living” is synonymous with unliving.

Odds are you carry DNA from a Neandertal, Denisovan or some other archaic human. Just a few years ago such a statement would have been virtually unthinkable. For decades evidence from genetics seemed to support the theory that anatomically modern humans arose as a new species in a single locale in Africa and subsequently spread out from there, replacing archaic humans throughout the Old World without mating with them. But in recent years geneticists have determined that, contrary to that conventional view, anatomically modern Homo sapiens did in fact interbreed with archaic humans, and that their DNA persists in people today.

The University of Arizona in Tucson examines the latest genetic finding and explores the possibility that DNA from these extinct relatives helped H. sapiens become the wildly successful species it is today.

I have an enduring interest in the rise of H. sapiens and I am fascinated with Neandertals. So naturally I’ve been keen to find out how much, if any, Neandertal DNA I have in my own genome. Several consumer genetic test companies now test for Neandertal genetic markers as part of the broader ancestry analysis, and, after one of them lowered the price of their kit to U$ 99 in December, I decided to take the plunge. As it happens, National Geographic’s Genographic Project had recently updated their own genetic test to look for Neandertal DNA, and they sent me a kit. And so it was on a chilly Saturday in late January that I found myself spitting into a test tube for a test company and swabbing my cheek for the Genographic Project.

Of course the two tests look at far more than one’s Neandertal ancestry. The company provides a wealth of health information, testing for variation in DNA that might affect disease risk and drug performance as well as mutations that could cause disease in one’s children. Genographic’s test does not look for health information. Both tests trace one’s maternal lineage (and paternal lineage, for males) to beyond 10,000 years ago and reveal what percentage of one’s recent ancestry comes from various regions around the world.

Finding my inner neandertal. In: Scientific
American, April, 2013, p. 5-7 (adapted).

Judge the item that follow based on the text above.

The text is narrative, as shown in its first paragraph.