A função pública sempre esteve ligada a motivações como a natureza do serviço e o compromisso com o interesse comum. No entanto, o tipo de atividade das instituições públicas pressupõe uma cadeia de intermediações que distancia a atuação dos gestores dos efeitos decorrentes de seus atos.

Instituições grandes, pesadas e rígidas, cadeias de decisão extensas e complexas, limitações de regulamentos e recursos, prejudicam a busca de níveis mais elevados de eficiência e eficácia. Para atingir bem seus objetivos, as empresas públicas devem procurar criar condições equivalentes à racionalidade das empresas privadas, sem desconsiderar a especificidade do setor público. Neste, não existem instrumentos contábeis equivalentes aos balanços anuais nem indicadores claros de produtividade ou incentivos que estimulem. É comum, inclusive, a falta de clareza a respeito dos objetivos e produtos de cada unidade administrativa ou prestadora de serviços. Portanto, para se reproduzir a racionalidade microeconômica, devem ser definidos critérios e criados mecanismos que sejam coerentes com a realidade do setor público.

Entre os critérios em discussão, encontram-se os conceitos da produtividade no setor público; a modificação dos processos orçamentários com definições ligadas a objetivos e produtos mensuráveis e passíveis de avaliação; a revisão dos elementos que definem a rentabilidade social dos programas, serviços e investimentos realizados pelo Estado; a incorporação de critérios que atribuam peso maior à demanda dos usuários na tomada de decisão no setor público; e, por último, a adoção de padrões comparativos como forma de avaliar o rendimento e a qualidade da ação estatal.

Carolina Tohá e Ricardo Solari. A modernização do Estado e a gerência pública. In:
Revista do Serviço Público. Ano 48 n.º 3, set.-dez./1997 (com adaptações).

Considerando as informações e as estruturas linguísticas do texto acima, julgue o item a seguir.

No trecho “Neste, não existem instrumentos contábeis equivalentes aos balanços anuais”, o fragmento “instrumentos contábeis equivalentes aos balanços anuais” exerce função de complemento da forma verbal existir.

Art and beauty have long been intertwined. At times, the artist has looked to nature as the standard of beauty and has thus imitated it. At other times, the artist has thought to improve upon nature, developing an alternative standard — an idealized form. Standards of beauty in and of themselves are by no means universal. The Classical Greeks were obsessed with their idea of beauty and fashioned mathematical formulas for rendering the human body in sculpture so that it would achieve a majesty and perfection unknown in nature. The sixteenth-century artist Leonardo da Vinci, in what is perhaps the most famous painting in the history of Western art, enchants generations of viewers with the eternal beauty and mysteriousness of the smiling Mona Lisa. But appreciation of the refined features of this Italian woman is tied to a Western concept of beauty. Elsewhere in the world, these features may seem unattractive or undesirable. On the other hand, the standard of beauty in some non-Western societies that hold body painting, tattooing, and adornment both beautiful and sacred may seem odd and unattractive to someone from the Western world. One art form need not be seen as intrinsically superior to the other: in those works, quite simply, the perception of beauty varies from an individual to the next.

DK publishing. Art that changed the world, Londres, 2013, p. 26 (adapted).

Judge the following itemaccording to the text above.

“non-Western societies” and “Elsewhere in the world” refer, in the text, to basically the same thing.

The best way to see most of Washington’s monuments and museums is to stroll down the Mall, a greenway crowned by the Capitol and lined with treasure all the way to the Lincoln Memorial. Start by taking the Metro there (orange or blue line to Smithsonian; take the Mall exit out of the station), as parking is impossible. Then choose your own adventure, rambling in and out of museums and staying only as long as you’d like. If you have kids with you, take a break at the old-fashioned carousel in front of the Arts and Industries building, about halfway down the Mall. Or duck into the sculpture garden at the Hirshhorn Museum nearby. There’s a lot to see, so you'll have to prioritize — or chill out and assume you’ll be back one day.

The National Museum of American History is one museum not to be missed on the Mall. Reopened on Nov. 21, 2008, after a two-year renovation, it is a massive collection of all things American — from Abraham Lincoln’s top hat to the Nintendo Game Boy. Another sure thing on the Mall, the National Museum of Natural History has something for everyone in the family. The Hope Diamond is here, along with an insect zoo, an IMAX cinema and a hall full of dinosaurs.

The National Mall. In: Internet: <www.content.time.com> (adapted).

Judge if the translation suggested in each following item is grammatically correct and maintains the meaning of the original text.

“There’s a lot to see, so you’ll have to prioritize — or chill out and assume you’ll be back one day.” = Há muito o que ver, então você terá que ter prioridades — ou relaxar e supor que vai voltar um dia.

O que realmente é o servidor público? Segundo Maria Sylvia Zanella di Pietro, servidor público é expressão empregada ora em sentido amplo, para designar todas as pessoas físicas que prestam serviços ao Estado e às entidades da administração pública indireta, com vínculo empregatício, ora em sentido menos amplo, que exclui os que prestam serviços às entidades com personalidade jurídica de direito privado.

É de se observar que a Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF) por nenhuma vez utiliza o termo funcionário, embora este seja de uso comum na legislação ordinária; entretanto, há dispositivos legais que tratam de pessoas que exercem funções públicas, quer administrativas, quer legislativas, quer jurisdicionais, e ainda, pessoas que exercem tais funções sem vínculo empregatício com o Estado. Por conseguinte, conclui-se, então, que seja imperiosa a adoção de outro vocábulo, de sentido mais amplo do que servidor público, para designar as pessoas que exercem a função pública, com ou sem vínculo empregatício. Assim, surge o termo agente público, utilizado para denominar toda pessoa física que presta serviços ao Estado e às pessoas jurídicas da administração pública indireta.

Desse modo, conforme a classificação de Celso Antônio Bandeira de Mello, na qual foram introduzidas as necessárias alterações por força da CF e da Emenda Constitucional n.º 18/1998, são quatro as categorias de agentes públicos: agentes políticos, servidores públicos, militares e particulares em colaboração com o poder público.

Valdir Soares Fernando. O servidor público. In: Revista Esmafe: Escola
de Magistratura Federal da 5.ª Região, n.º 10, dez./2006 (com adaptações).

A partir das ideias e das estruturas linguísticas do texto acima, julgue o item que se seguem.

Para o autor, o uso do termo “funcionário” pela legislação ordinária fere os preceitos constitucionais, haja vista esse termo não aparecer na CF.

Something about my mother attracts ornithologists. It all started years ago when a couple of them discovered she had a rare species of woodpecker* coming to her bird feeder. They came in the house and sat around the window, exclaiming and taking pictures with big cameras.

There always seemed to be three or four of them wandering around our place, discussing the body fat of hummingbirds**.

In those days, wild turkey were rare, and the pure-strain wild turkeys had begun to interbreed with farmers’ domestic stock. It was extinction by dilution.

One ornithologist had devised a method to compute the ratio of domestic to pure-strain wild turkey in an individual bird by comparing the angle of flight at takeoff and the rate of acceleration. By then, the turkeys were flying low and slow.

It was during that time, when I was six years old, that I caught the measles. I had a high fever, and my mother was worried about me.

Even the ornithologists stayed away — but not out of fear of the measles or respect for a household with sickness.

The fact was, they had discovered a wild turkey nest.

According to the formula, the hen was pure-strain wild — not a little bit of the sluggish domestic bird in her blood — and the ornithologists were camping in the woods, protecting her nest from predators and taking pictures.

One night our phone rang. It was one of the ornithologists. “Does your little girl still have measles?” he asked.

“Yes”, said my mother. “She’s very sick. Her temperature is 39 ºC.”

“I’ll be right over”, said the man.

In five minutes a whole carload of them arrived.

“thirty-nine, did you say? Where is she?” they asked my mother. They went into my room and set a box down on the bed. I was barely conscious, and when I opened my eyes, their worried faces seemed to float out of the darkness like giant, glowing eggs. They removed the cover off me and felt me all over. They consulted in whispers.

“Feels just right, I’d say.”

“Thirty-nine — can’t miss if we tuck them up close and she lies still.”

I closed my eyes then, and after a while the ornithologists disappeared.

The next morning I was better. For the first time in days I could think. The memory of the scientists with their whispered voices and their cool hands was like a dream from another life. But when I pulled down the covers, there staring up at me with wide mouths,were sixteen baby turkeys and the broken pieces of sixteen brown eggs.

Turkeys. In: Internet: <www.tacoma.k12.us> (adapted).

Glossary

* woodpecker = pica-pau

** hummingbirds = beija-flor

Based on the text above, judge the following item.

In “then, the turkeys were flying low and slow” “then” refers to “In those days”.

Acerca da administração pública brasileira, julgue o item.

Governabilidade refere-se à responsabilidade da administração pública na prestação de contas.

Grinders are hobbyists who modify their own body with technological improvements. Just as you might find hackers tinkering away at software code, grinders dream up ways to tweak their own bodies. One of the most popular upgrades is to implant a microchip under the skin.

Amal Graafstra, a self-described “adventure technologist” is a double implantee — he has a microchip in each hand. In his right hand is a re-writable chip, which can be used to store small amounts of data. By pressing his hand to his phone, information can be downloaded from his body or uploaded into it. The left contains a simple identity number that can be scanned to unlock his front door, log into his computer or even start a motorbike.

For other people, though, the idea of implanting themselves with microchips may conjure up spectres of surveillance and totalitarian control. “Every Hollywood movie has told them that implants are for tracking people,” says Graafsta. “People don’t get that it’s the same exact technology as the card in your wallet. When someone uses a credit card, wireless or not, they are tracked because several other corporations know who they are, when they purchased, how much they spent, and where they spent it.”

Frank Swain. Why I want a microship implant. February
10, 2014. Internet: <www.bbc.co.uk> (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the followin item.

In the fragment “Just as you might find hackers”, the word “Just” is used to add emphasis to the comparison introduced by “as”.

O que realmente é o servidor público? Segundo Maria Sylvia Zanella di Pietro, servidor público é expressão empregada ora em sentido amplo, para designar todas as pessoas físicas que prestam serviços ao Estado e às entidades da administração pública indireta, com vínculo empregatício, ora em sentido menos amplo, que exclui os que prestam serviços às entidades com personalidade jurídica de direito privado.

É de se observar que a Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF) por nenhuma vez utiliza o termo funcionário, embora este seja de uso comum na legislação ordinária; entretanto, há dispositivos legais que tratam de pessoas que exercem funções públicas, quer administrativas, quer legislativas, quer jurisdicionais, e ainda, pessoas que exercem tais funções sem vínculo empregatício com o Estado. Por conseguinte, conclui-se, então, que seja imperiosa a adoção de outro vocábulo, de sentido mais amplo do que servidor público, para designar as pessoas que exercem a função pública, com ou sem vínculo empregatício. Assim, surge o termo agente público, utilizado para denominar toda pessoa física que presta serviços ao Estado e às pessoas jurídicas da administração pública indireta.

Desse modo, conforme a classificação de Celso Antônio Bandeira de Mello, na qual foram introduzidas as necessárias alterações por força da CF e da Emenda Constitucional n.º 18/1998, são quatro as categorias de agentes públicos: agentes políticos, servidores públicos, militares e particulares em colaboração com o poder público.

Valdir Soares Fernando. O servidor público. In: Revista Esmafe: Escola
de Magistratura Federal da 5.ª Região, n.º 10, dez./2006 (com adaptações).

A partir das ideias e das estruturas linguísticas do texto acima, julgue o item que se seguem.

O autor indica uma gradação de amplitude de significado entre os vocábulos que designam trabalhadores do setor público, do mais geral para o mais específico, da seguinte maneira: agente público, funcionário público, servidor público.

The biology of human sleep timing, like that of other mammals, changes as we age. As puberty begins, bedtimes and waking times get later. This trend continues until 19.5 years in women and 21 in men. Then it reverses. At 55 we wake at about the time we woke before puberty. On average this is two hours earlier than adolescents. This means that for a teenager, a 7 am alarm call is the equivalent of a 5 am start for a person in their 50s.

However, biology is only part of the problem.

Additional factors include a more relaxed attitude to bedtimes by parents, a general disregard for the importance of sleep, and access to TVs, DVDs, PCs, gaming devices, cellphones and so on, which promote alertness.

Researchers at Brown University in Providence have shown that teenagers need about 9 hours of sleep per night.

Observations at a school in Liverpool suggested many were getting just 5 hours on a school night. Unsurprisingly, teachers reported students falling asleep in class.

Evidence that sleep is important is overwhelming.

Research has demonstrated its critical role in memory consolidation and our ability to generate innovative solutions 22 to complex problems. Similar studies have shown that long-term sleep deprivation might be an important factor in predisposing people to diabetes, obesity and hypertension.

Adolescents are increasingly using stimulants to compensate for sleep loss, and caffeinated and/or sugary drinks are the usual choice. The half-life of caffeine is 5 to 9 hours. So a 28 caffeinated drink late in the day delays sleep at night. Tiredness also increases the possibility of taking up smoking.

In the US, the observation that teenagers have 31 biologically delayed sleep patterns compared to adults has led several schools to start the school day at a later time. An analysis of the impact of this decision by the University of 34 Minnesota found that academic performance was enhanced, as was attendance. Sleeping in class declined, as did self-reported depression.

In the UK, a specific high school instituted a 10 am start in 2009 and saw an improvement in academic performance. However, a later start by itself is not enough.

Society in general, and teenagers in particular, must start to take sleep seriously. Sleep is not a luxury or an indulgence but a fundamental biological need.

Russell Foster. Why teenagers really do need an extra hour in
bed. April 22, 2013. Internet: <www.newscientist.com> (adapted).

Judge the following item according to the text.

In the sentence “Unsurprisingly, teachers reported students falling asleep in class”, the words “Unsurprisingly, teachers” can be correctly replaced with Teachers who had no surprises.

Something about my mother attracts ornithologists. It all started years ago when a couple of them discovered she had a rare species of woodpecker* coming to her bird feeder. They came in the house and sat around the window, exclaiming and taking pictures with big cameras.

There always seemed to be three or four of them wandering around our place, discussing the body fat of hummingbirds**.

In those days, wild turkey were rare, and the pure-strain wild turkeys had begun to interbreed with farmers’ domestic stock. It was extinction by dilution.

One ornithologist had devised a method to compute the ratio of domestic to pure-strain wild turkey in an individual bird by comparing the angle of flight at takeoff and the rate of acceleration. By then, the turkeys were flying low and slow.

It was during that time, when I was six years old, that I caught the measles. I had a high fever, and my mother was worried about me.

Even the ornithologists stayed away — but not out of fear of the measles or respect for a household with sickness.

The fact was, they had discovered a wild turkey nest.

According to the formula, the hen was pure-strain wild — not a little bit of the sluggish domestic bird in her blood — and the ornithologists were camping in the woods, protecting her nest from predators and taking pictures.

One night our phone rang. It was one of the ornithologists. “Does your little girl still have measles?” he asked.

“Yes”, said my mother. “She’s very sick. Her temperature is 39 ºC.”

“I’ll be right over”, said the man.

In five minutes a whole carload of them arrived.

“thirty-nine, did you say? Where is she?” they asked my mother. They went into my room and set a box down on the bed. I was barely conscious, and when I opened my eyes, their worried faces seemed to float out of the darkness like giant, glowing eggs. They removed the cover off me and felt me all over. They consulted in whispers.

“Feels just right, I’d say.”

“Thirty-nine — can’t miss if we tuck them up close and she lies still.”

I closed my eyes then, and after a while the ornithologists disappeared.

The next morning I was better. For the first time in days I could think. The memory of the scientists with their whispered voices and their cool hands was like a dream from another life. But when I pulled down the covers, there staring up at me with wide mouths,were sixteen baby turkeys and the broken pieces of sixteen brown eggs.

Turkeys. In: Internet: <www.tacoma.k12.us> (adapted).

Glossary

* woodpecker = pica-pau

** hummingbirds = beija-flor

Based on the text above, judge the following item.

In “tuck them up close”, “them” refers to “sixteen brown eggs”.