The goddess Thetis was a sea nymph, so beautiful that the Olympians desired her, and even Zeus was tempted. However, an oracle told the gods that the son of Thetis would be more magnificent than his father, and so the gods shunned her S because they did not want to suffer a similar fate to Chronos, whose son Zeus conquered.

It was decided that Thetis must marry a mortal, and Cheiron, the centaur, suggested that a student of his – Peleus – should marry her. She fled from him but was eventually captured and married to him. She had many children, and tried to make them immortal by dipping them in the Styx and then thrusting them into a fire. However, this killed all of them except her last-born, whose father saved him from the fire. The
boy, Achilles, had only been dipped into the Styx, which succeeded in protecting him, but since his mother had held him by the heel, that part of him was not protected.

According to legend, Achilles’ escape from the fire was very narrow indeed, with his father pulling him out too late to save him from being burnt on the ankle. However, the centaur Cheiron helped Peleus once again, by replacing the ankle bone of Achilles with one belonging to the giant Damysos, a great runner. This was what gave Achilles his famous speed.

An oracle told Achilles that he was destined either to have a short yet glorious life, or a long and undistinguished one. Achilles chose the more noble course, and when the Trojan War began he joined the Greeks and turned out to be a tremendous fighter.

His most famous adventure, however, centres around an argument with his king, Agamemnon, during which he shunned the battle completely. Without his inspiring presence, the Greeks lost a great many men, and begged him to return. Achilles compromised — he would allow his best friend Patrocles to wear his armour, fooling the Trojans into thinking he was Achilles and losing heart.

But then the plan backfired, and Patrocles was killed. Achilles was so brokenhearted and upset that he rejoined the war, fighting more fiercely than ever and killing the best Trojan fighter, Hector. However, he was hated by Apollo, who was fighting with the Trojans in the great war, and who killed Achilles in battle by shooting an arrow at the only vulnerable part of his body — his heel.

Internet: <http://news.bbc.co.uk> (adapted).

Judge the following item, based on the text above.

It can be inferred from the text that “Styx” is probably the name of a Greek mountain.

The term language learning strategy has been defined by many researchers. Wenden and Rubin (1987:19) define learning strategies as “... any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information.” Richards and Platt (1992:209) state that learning strategies are “intentional behavior and thoughts used by learners during learning so as to better help them understand, learn, or remember new information.” According to Stern (1992:261), “the concept of learning strategy is dependent on the assumption that learners consciously engage in activities to achieve certain goals and learning strategies can be regarded as broadly conceived intentional directions and learning techniques.” All language learners use language learning strategies either consciously or unconsciously when processing new information and performing tasks in the language classroom. Since language classroom is like a problem-solving environment in which language learners are likely to face new input and difficult tasks given by their instructors, learners’ attempts to find the quickest or easiest way to do what is required, that is, using language learning strategies is inescapable.

Language learning strategies use during the act of processing the new information and performing tasks have been identified, described and classified by many scholars. However, most of these attempts to classify language learning strategies reflect more or less the
same categorizations without any radical changes.

M. Hismanoglu. Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. In: The Internet TESL Journal. Internet: <http//:iteslj.org> (adapted).

Based on the text, judge the following item.

The words “quickest” and “easiest” indicate the maximum level to be achieved by students in terms of speed and easiness when doing what they are asked to do in the classroom.

Julgue o item subsequente, com base nos instrumentos legais que dispõem acerca da educação brasileira, considerando que CF corresponde à Constituição Federal de 1988 e LDB, à Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional.

A atuação prioritária no ensino fundamental é competência comum atribuída, pela CF, aos municípios, aos estados e ao Distrito Federal, no âmbito do regime de colaboração, para a organização dos sistemas de ensino.

When we are young, we learn that tigers and sharks are dangerous animals. We might be scared of them because they are big and powerful. As we get older, however, we learn that sometimes the most dangerous animals are also the smallest ones. In fact, the animal that kills the most people every year is one that you have probably killed many times: the mosquito.

While it may seem that all mosquitoes are biters, this is not actually the case. Male mosquitoes eat plant nectar. On the other hand, female mosquitoes feed on animal blood. They need this blood to live and produce eggs. When a female mosquito bites a human being, it injects a small amount of saliva into his/her blood. This saliva may or may not contain a deadly disease. Therefore, the result of the bite can be as minor as an itchy bump or as serious as death.

Because a mosquito can bite many people in the course of its life, it can carry diseases from one person to another very easily. Two of the most deadly diseases carried by mosquitoes are malaria and yellow fever. More than 700 million people become sick from these diseases every year. At least 2 million of these people will die as a consequence.

Many scientists are working on safer and better forms of killing mosquitoes, but so far, there is no sure way to protect everyone in the world from their deadly bites. Mosquito nets can be placed over beds to protect people against being bitten. These nets help people stay safe at night, but they do not kill any mosquitoes. However, mosquitoes have many natural enemies like bats, birds, dragonflies, and certain kinds of fish, so bringing more of these animals into places where mosquitoes live might help to cut down the amount of mosquitoes in that area. This is a natural solution, but it does not always work very well. Mosquitoes can also be killed with poisons or sprays. Even though these sprays kill mosquitoes, they may also harm other plants or animals.

Internet: <www.englishforeveryone.org> (adapted).

Based on text above, judge the following item.

Mosquito nets are an effective means of killing mosquitoes.

When we are young, we learn that tigers and sharks are dangerous animals. We might be scared of them because they are big and powerful. As we get older, however, we learn that sometimes the most dangerous animals are also the smallest ones. In fact, the animal that kills the most people every year is one that you have probably killed many times: the mosquito.

While it may seem that all mosquitoes are biters, this is not actually the case. Male mosquitoes eat plant nectar. On the other hand, female mosquitoes feed on animal blood. They need this blood to live and produce eggs. When a female mosquito bites a human being, it injects a small amount of saliva into his/her blood. This saliva may or may not contain a deadly disease. Therefore, the result of the bite can be as minor as an itchy bump or as serious as death.

Because a mosquito can bite many people in the course of its life, it can carry diseases from one person to another very easily. Two of the most deadly diseases carried by mosquitoes are malaria and yellow fever. More than 700 million people become sick from these diseases every year. At least 2 million of these people will die as a consequence.

Many scientists are working on safer and better forms of killing mosquitoes, but so far, there is no sure way to protect everyone in the world from their deadly bites. Mosquito nets can be placed over beds to protect people against being bitten. These nets help people stay safe at night, but they do not kill any mosquitoes. However, mosquitoes have many natural enemies like bats, birds, dragonflies, and certain kinds of fish, so bringing more of these animals into places where mosquitoes live might help to cut down the amount of mosquitoes in that area. This is a natural solution, but it does not always work very well. Mosquitoes can also be killed with poisons or sprays. Even though these sprays kill mosquitoes, they may also harm other plants or animals.

Internet: <www.englishforeveryone.org> (adapted).

Based on text above, judge the following item.

Some female mosquitoes do not bite, they eat plant nectar instead.

The term language learning strategy has been defined by many researchers. Wenden and Rubin (1987:19) define learning strategies as “... any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information.” Richards and Platt (1992:209) state that learning strategies are “intentional behavior and thoughts used by learners during learning so as to better help them understand, learn, or remember new information.” According to Stern (1992:261), “the concept of learning strategy is dependent on the assumption that learners consciously engage in activities to achieve certain goals and learning strategies can be regarded as broadly conceived intentional directions and learning techniques.” All language learners use language learning strategies either consciously or unconsciously when processing new information and performing tasks in the language classroom. Since language classroom is like a problem-solving environment in which language learners are likely to face new input and difficult tasks given by their instructors, learners’ attempts to find the quickest or easiest way to do what is required, that is, using language learning strategies is inescapable.

Language learning strategies use during the act of processing the new information and performing tasks have been identified, described and classified by many scholars. However, most of these attempts to classify language learning strategies reflect more or less the
same categorizations without any radical changes.

M. Hismanoglu. Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. In: The Internet TESL Journal. Internet: <http//:iteslj.org> (adapted).

Based on the text, judge the following item.

In “The term language learning strategy has been defined by many researchers.”, the focus is on the action and not on the ones who did the action.

Heart diseases in younger people are often more severe and afflict more often people from India than those in developed countries, a study has found. Publishing their findings in The Lancet, an Indian-Canadian team of researchers analysed data on 20,937 people who suffered heart attacks, collected from 89 centres spread across 50 cities in India from 2001–2005. They then compared these data with similar studies in developed countries.

The researchers found that 60 per cent of the patients had a severe form of heart disease, compared with around per cent in developed countries. Indian patients are also younger, with a mean age of 57 years rather than 63–68 years. Three-quarters of Indian heart disease patients are from low socio-economic backgrounds. The poorer patients receive medical attention late, for reasons including lack of awareness of the symptoms and poor access to ambulances. Poorer Indians are also less likely to receive treatments proven to save lives. The study indicates that higher death rates in poor patients are not because of differences in risk factors, but because of differences in treatment.

Eighty per cent of the 7.1 million deaths due to heart disease in 2001 took place in poor countries, and India is expected to account for 60 per cent of the heart disease burden by 2010. Between 1990 and 2020, the number of men with heart disease in developing countries is expected to increase by 137 per cent, and women by 120 per cent, compared with 30–60 per cent in developed countries.

“India is a likely representative of other nations facing similar socio-economic challenges,” says Kim Eagle, cardiology professor at the University of Michigan Medical Center, United States. “The increasing obesity epidemic, high rate of smoking in certain populations, and variable availability of modern medications and treatments create a situation in which coronary prevention efforts are far from optimal,” he said.

Internet: <www.scidev.net> (adapted).

Judge the following items according to the text above.

Late medical attention is one of the causes of high death rates related to heart diseases among Indians.

O movimento Todos pela Educação lançou, no dia 4 de dezembro de 2013, o portal Observatório, do Plano Nacional da Educação (PNE), com o objetivo de acompanharo andamento do plano, aprovado no dia 27 de novembro de 2013, na Comissão de Educação, Cultura e Esporte do Senado Federal. O projeto de lei que instituiu o programa (PLC n.º 103/2012) segue para votação em plenário em regime de urgência. Como o texto foi modificado no Senado, deve voltar à Câmara dos Deputados. É preciso ressaltar que o país está há 1.068 dias sem o PNE, uma vez que o anterior venceu em 2010 e o atual ainda está em tramitação.

O Observatório originou-se da constatação de que foram cumpridas apenas 20% das metas previstas no PNE anterior, que regeu o período de 2000 a 2010. A finalidade do Observatório é que ele seja uma ferramenta de gestão, referência para gestores públicos e educadores e instrumento para que a sociedade civil possa cobrar a consecução desse plano.

No PNE, são estabelecidas 20 metas para a educação, que contemplam desde a infantil até a formação continuada de professores, além da ampliação do investimento público no setor, a qual visa chegar a 10% do produto interno bruto (PIB) do país, no final dos dez anos de vigência da lei.

Segundo a avaliação do movimento Todos pela Educação, o PNE a ser aprovado perpassa os pontos principais da educação no país, mas ainda deixa arestas. Na meta 6, por exemplo, são definidas as diretrizes para a educação em tempo integral, a qual se desdobra em ampliação do tempo de permanência na escola, construção de escolas, recursos (infraestrutura e equipamentos, material didático e formação), articulação no território, parcerias com entidades privadas, parcerias ONG-escolas, diversidade local e tempo integral para pessoas com necessidades especiais. Uma das cobranças do Todos pela Educação é que a definição sobre a educação em tempo integral seja mais específica: não é o caso apenas de mais tempo na escola; é tempo na escola com exposição ao aprendizado.

Todos pela Educação lança portal para

monitorar PNE. Internet: <www.noticias.r7.com>, 5/12/2013 (com adaptações).

A respeito das ideias e das estruturas linguísticas do texto acima, julgue o item.

O deslocamento do segmento “no dia 4 de dezembro de 2013” para o início do período, com a supressão das vírgulas que o intercalam e os devidos ajustes de letras maiúscula e minúscula, mantém a correção gramatical do trecho.

The term language learning strategy has been defined by many researchers. Wenden and Rubin (1987:19) define learning strategies as “... any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information.” Richards and Platt (1992:209) state that learning strategies are “intentional behavior and thoughts used by learners during learning so as to better help them understand, learn, or remember new information.” According to Stern (1992:261), “the concept of learning strategy is dependent on the assumption that learners consciously engage in activities to achieve certain goals and learning strategies can be regarded as broadly conceived intentional directions and learning techniques.” All language learners use language learning strategies either consciously or unconsciously when processing new information and performing tasks in the language classroom. Since language classroom is like a problem-solving environment in which language learners are likely to face new input and difficult tasks given by their instructors, learners’ attempts to find the quickest or easiest way to do what is required, that is, using language learning strategies is inescapable.

Language learning strategies use during the act of processing the new information and performing tasks have been identified, described and classified by many scholars. However, most of these attempts to classify language learning strategies reflect more or less the
same categorizations without any radical changes.

M. Hismanoglu. Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. In: The Internet TESL Journal. Internet: <http//:iteslj.org> (adapted).

Based on the text, judge the following item.

The verb “can” expresses possibility.

Heart diseases in younger people are often more severe and afflict more often people from India than those in developed countries, a study has found. Publishing their findings in The Lancet, an Indian-Canadian team of researchers analysed data on 20,937 people who suffered heart attacks, collected from 89 centres spread across 50 cities in India from 2001–2005. They then compared these data with similar studies in developed countries.

The researchers found that 60 per cent of the patients had a severe form of heart disease, compared with around per cent in developed countries. Indian patients are also younger, with a mean age of 57 years rather than 63–68 years. Three-quarters of Indian heart disease patients are from low socio-economic backgrounds. The poorer patients receive medical attention late, for reasons including lack of awareness of the symptoms and poor access to ambulances. Poorer Indians are also less likely to receive treatments proven to save lives. The study indicates that higher death rates in poor patients are not because of differences in risk factors, but because of differences in treatment.

Eighty per cent of the 7.1 million deaths due to heart disease in 2001 took place in poor countries, and India is expected to account for 60 per cent of the heart disease burden by 2010. Between 1990 and 2020, the number of men with heart disease in developing countries is expected to increase by 137 per cent, and women by 120 per cent, compared with 30–60 per cent in developed countries.

“India is a likely representative of other nations facing similar socio-economic challenges,” says Kim Eagle, cardiology professor at the University of Michigan Medical Center, United States. “The increasing obesity epidemic, high rate of smoking in certain populations, and variable availability of modern medications and treatments create a situation in which coronary prevention efforts are far from optimal,” he said.

Internet: <www.scidev.net> (adapted).

Judge the following item according to the text above.

Indians have genetic characteristics which make them more likely to have heart diseases.