Based on the text, mark the statements below as true (T) or false (F).

I. AI models are watertight when it comes to safety risks.

II Bridges built in the Victorian Age were proven to be quite fragile.

III. A deterministic model does not deal with randomness.

The statements are, respectively,

“This approach has transformed foreign language education by prioritizing fluency, interaction, and realworld communication over rote memorization and grammar drills. This method promotes student-centered learning, task-based instruction, and the use of authentic materials, making language acquisition more engaging and effective. However, despite its advantages, it faces several challenges, including limited emphasis on grammatical accuracy, difficulties in assessment, and resistance in non-native Englishspeaking contexts. Traditional grammar-based testing often fails to measure communicative competence, highlighting the need for more effective assessment models. Additionally, teacher preparedness and classroom management remain barriers to its full implementation, especially in large class settings and regions where traditional teaching methods dominate. Future developments in blended learning, adaptive teaching strategies, and AI-driven assessment tools could help bridge the gap between fluency and linguistic accuracy, ensuring that learners develop both communication skills and structural competence.”

Adapted from: https://egarp.lt/index.php/EGJLLE/article/view/147

The approach or method referred to in the text is the:

“ESP draws on various disciplines, including education, linguistics, and communication, and emphasizes the importance of sociocultural competence—understanding how to use language appropriately within specific social and cultural contexts. Key methodologies in ESP include corpus linguistics, which utilizes large collections of texts to identify essential vocabulary and grammatical patterns relevant to specialized fields. Additionally, genre analysis helps learners recognize the structural elements of texts within their discourse communities, thereby aiding their ability to produce contextually appropriate written and spoken communication.

As globalization continues to increase the demand for specialized English training, ESP is evolving to address the unique linguistic needs of diverse professional environments, making it an increasingly popular and valuable area of study.”

Adapted from: https://www.ebsco.com/researchstarters/language- and-linguistics 

In the fragment of the text “Additionally, genre analysis helps learners recognize the structural elements of texts”, the adverb ADDITIONALLY could be replaced, with no change in meaning, by:

“ESP is a specialized branch of English language teaching focused on equipping learners with the language and communication skills necessary for specific academic or professional fields. This approach is particularly relevant in disciplines such as medicine, business, and science, where the language used can differ significantly from standard English in terms of grammar, vocabulary, and discourse. ESP courses are designed to be experiential and needs-driven, providing practical lessons that simulate realworld tasks professionals may encounter.”

Adapted from: https://www.ebsco.com/researchstarters/language- and-linguistics

ESP refers to: