Text for items 31 to 40.

Adolescence can be rife with anxieties and challenges, but today’s youth face unique threats on a scale encountered by no previous generation, according to an exhaustive new report on their health and wellbeing.

More than one billion people aged 10 to 24 are at risk of poor health outcomes by 2030, which is at least half the global adolescent population, concluded the report published on Tuesday in the Lancet, a leading medical journal. Adolescents are experiencing rising rates of obesity and mental health struggles, while also grappling with the influence of digital technologies and a destabilized global climate.

“Even I was shocked by what some of these numbers and future predictions look like,” says Sarah Baird, a professor of global health and economics at the George Washington University and co-chair of the Lancet Commission that produced the report. “It’s clear we’re already in, and going to be increasingly in, a crisis of bad health among young people.”

Lancet Commissions are independent research teams convened by the Lancet to examine specific health topics and recommend policy actions. This report was compiled by 44 experts, including ten Youth Commissioners, who reviewed some 550 peer-reviewed studies since starting their work in 2021. It follows the first report on adolescent health and wellbeing published in 2016.

“What life is like as an adolescent today is very different than ten years ago,” says Baird. “Given all these other competing demands for resources, attention, and focus, adolescents have once again fallen into the background. It’s time to really remind people of why they’re important, and that ignoring them in this time of rapid change is potentially disastrous.”

Though there is some good news in the report’s findings – declining rates of cigarette smoking and alcohol use and better access to education, particularly for girls – the report warns that the health of young people is at “a tipping point” in an uncertain and rapidly changing world.

Internet: <http://www.nationalgeographic.com/>(adapted).

According to the text and its linguistic aspects, judge the following items.

Text for items 31 to 40.

Adolescence can be rife with anxieties and challenges, but today’s youth face unique threats on a scale encountered by no previous generation, according to an exhaustive new report on their health and wellbeing.

More than one billion people aged 10 to 24 are at risk of poor health outcomes by 2030, which is at least half the global adolescent population, concluded the report published on Tuesday in the Lancet, a leading medical journal. Adolescents are experiencing rising rates of obesity and mental health struggles, while also grappling with the influence of digital technologies and a destabilized global climate.

“Even I was shocked by what some of these numbers and future predictions look like,” says Sarah Baird, a professor of global health and economics at the George Washington University and co-chair of the Lancet Commission that produced the report. “It’s clear we’re already in, and going to be increasingly in, a crisis of bad health among young people.”

Lancet Commissions are independent research teams convened by the Lancet to examine specific health topics and recommend policy actions. This report was compiled by 44 experts, including ten Youth Commissioners, who reviewed some 550 peer-reviewed studies since starting their work in 2021. It follows the first report on adolescent health and wellbeing published in 2016.

“What life is like as an adolescent today is very different than ten years ago,” says Baird. “Given all these other competing demands for resources, attention, and focus, adolescents have once again fallen into the background. It’s time to really remind people of why they’re important, and that ignoring them in this time of rapid change is potentially disastrous.”

Though there is some good news in the report’s findings – declining rates of cigarette smoking and alcohol use and better access to education, particularly for girls – the report warns that the health of young people is at “a tipping point” in an uncertain and rapidly changing world.

Internet: <http://www.nationalgeographic.com/>(adapted).

According to the text and its linguistic aspects, judge the following items.

Text for items 31 to 40.

Adolescence can be rife with anxieties and challenges, but today’s youth face unique threats on a scale encountered by no previous generation, according to an exhaustive new report on their health and wellbeing.

More than one billion people aged 10 to 24 are at risk of poor health outcomes by 2030, which is at least half the global adolescent population, concluded the report published on Tuesday in the Lancet, a leading medical journal. Adolescents are experiencing rising rates of obesity and mental health struggles, while also grappling with the influence of digital technologies and a destabilized global climate.

“Even I was shocked by what some of these numbers and future predictions look like,” says Sarah Baird, a professor of global health and economics at the George Washington University and co-chair of the Lancet Commission that produced the report. “It’s clear we’re already in, and going to be increasingly in, a crisis of bad health among young people.”

Lancet Commissions are independent research teams convened by the Lancet to examine specific health topics and recommend policy actions. This report was compiled by 44 experts, including ten Youth Commissioners, who reviewed some 550 peer-reviewed studies since starting their work in 2021. It follows the first report on adolescent health and wellbeing published in 2016.

“What life is like as an adolescent today is very different than ten years ago,” says Baird. “Given all these other competing demands for resources, attention, and focus, adolescents have once again fallen into the background. It’s time to really remind people of why they’re important, and that ignoring them in this time of rapid change is potentially disastrous.”

Though there is some good news in the report’s findings – declining rates of cigarette smoking and alcohol use and better access to education, particularly for girls – the report warns that the health of young people is at “a tipping point” in an uncertain and rapidly changing world.

Internet: <http://www.nationalgeographic.com/>(adapted).

According to the text and its linguistic aspects, judge the following items.

Read text V to answer questions 34 and 35.

TEXT V

US considers 'sun blocking' to cool the Earth

It sounds like something out of a sci-fi novel, but some researchers want to cool the earth by reflecting sunlight back into space. Sun blocking' technologies - also known as solar radiation modification (SRM) - could theoretically cool down the earth by reflecting sunlight back into space. One idea involves pumping sun-blocking particles into the upper atmosphere. This process of 'stratospheric aerosol injection! would involve planes spraying an aerosol like sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere. This mist of particles would refiect the sun back upwards, shading the earth. The method has already worked - although accidentally. When Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted in 1991, it released thousands of tons of sulfur dioxide. The global temperature temporarily dropped by 0.5ºC. In September 2022, researchers at Yale University argued that the injection method could hypothetically refreeze the poles. - À White House report published last Friday confirms that the US is open to researching SRM. "A programme of research into the scientific and societal implications of solar radiation modification (SRM) would enable better-informed decisions about the potential risks and benefits of SRM as a component, of climate policy, alongside the foundational elements 'of greenhouse gas emissions mitigation and adaptation; it says. However, the report also clarifies that no decisioh-has been made to "establish a comprehensive research “programme focused on solar radiation modification.”

In February, several news outlets reported that the UN wanted to:'explore' this technique. This could give the impression that the organisation had approved sun blocking as a viable-.tool to fight climate change. Unfortunately for tech enthusiasts, this is not the case. The UN Environmental Programs recent report into SRM concludes that it is not currently a realistic or wise plan. "UNEP conecurs with the panel that, at present, large-scale, or operational deployment of SRM technologies is not necessary, viable, prudent or sufficiently safe, given the limited scientific understanding and uncertainty about the potential impacts and unintended consequences," says UNEP's Chief Scientist Andrea Himwood. “The review concludes that SRM cannot replace reducing greenhouse gas emissions." Nonetheless, the body doesn't rule out the method altogether, with the report concluding that their assessment of the technique "may change should climate actions remain insufficient”.

Adapted from https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/07/05/sun-blockers-us-scientists-aim-to-cool-the-earth-by-refiecting-sunlight-into-space

Read text VII to answer questions 37 to 40.

TEXT VII

“"Divergent is a dark and thrilling series of young adult science fiction books by American novelist Veronica Roth. The trilogy consists of “Divergent” (2011), “Insurgent (2012), and “Allegiant” (2013), which were later adapted into 3 films.

tis set in a post-apocalyptic dystopian Chicago that has separated its population into five Factions, each defined by certain values. The Factions are Dauntless (the brave), Amity (the kind), Erudite (the intelligent), Abnegation (the selfless), and Candor (the honest). Each year, teenagers of a certain age take a placement test and then choose the Faction to which they will devote the rest of their lives. In Chapter 1, we are introduced to Beatrice Prior, who later changes her name to Tris, the protagonist and narrator of the story. As she sits in front of a mirror while her mother cuts her hair, she reflects on the life challenges she will have to face soon.

Chapter 1

THERE IS ONE mirror in my house. It is behind a sliding panel in the hallway upstairs. Our faction allows us to stand in front of it on the second day of every third month, the day my mother cuts my hair.

I sit on the stool and my mother stands behind me with the scissors, trimming, The strands fall on the floor in a dull, blond ring.

When she: finishes, she pulls my hair away from my face and twisting into a knot. I note how calm she looks and how focused she is. She is well-practiced in the art of losing herself. I can't say the same of myself.

I sneak a look at my reflection when she isn't paying attention-not for the sake of vanity, but out of curiosity. A lot can happen to a person's appearance in three months in my reflection, I see a narrow face, wide, round eyes, and a long, thin nose I still look like a little girl, though sometime in the last few months I turned sixteen. The other factions celebrate birthdays, but we don't. It would be self-indulgent.

(...) “So today is the day,” she says.

“Yes” I reply.

“Are you nervous?”

I stare into my own eyes for a moment. Today is the day of the Aptitude test that will show me which of the five factions I belong in. And tomorrow, at the Choosing Ceremony, I will decide on a faction; I will decide the rest of my life: I will decide to stay with my family or abandon them.

“No,” I say. “The tests don't have to change our choices.”

“Right.” She smiles. “Let's go eat breakfast.”

“Thank you, For cutting my hair.”

She kisses my cheek and sides the panel over the mirror. I think my mother could be beautiful, in a different world. Her body is thin beneath the gray robe. She has high cheekbones and long eyelashes, and when she lets her hair down at night, it hangs in waves over her shoulders. But she must hide that beauty in Abnegation.

We walk together to the kitchen. On these mornings when my brother makes breakfast, and my father's hand skims my hair as he reads the newspaper, and my mother hums as she clears the table - it is on these mornings that | feel guiltiest for wanting to leave them.

Adapted from https://genius.com/Veronica-roth-divergent-chapter-1-annotated

Read text VII to answer questions 37 to 40.

TEXT VII

“"Divergent is a dark and thrilling series of young adult science fiction books by American novelist Veronica Roth. The trilogy consists of “Divergent” (2011), “Insurgent (2012), and “Allegiant” (2013), which were later adapted into 3 films.

tis set in a post-apocalyptic dystopian Chicago that has separated its population into five Factions, each defined by certain values. The Factions are Dauntless (the brave), Amity (the kind), Erudite (the intelligent), Abnegation (the selfless), and Candor (the honest). Each year, teenagers of a certain age take a placement test and then choose the Faction to which they will devote the rest of their lives. In Chapter 1, we are introduced to Beatrice Prior, who later changes her name to Tris, the protagonist and narrator of the story. As she sits in front of a mirror while her mother cuts her hair, she reflects on the life challenges she will have to face soon.

Chapter 1

THERE IS ONE mirror in my house. It is behind a sliding panel in the hallway upstairs. Our faction allows us to stand in front of it on the second day of every third month, the day my mother cuts my hair.

I sit on the stool and my mother stands behind me with the scissors, trimming, The strands fall on the floor in a dull, blond ring.

When she: finishes, she pulls my hair away from my face and twisting into a knot. I note how calm she looks and how focused she is. She is well-practiced in the art of losing herself. I can't say the same of myself.

I sneak a look at my reflection when she isn't paying attention-not for the sake of vanity, but out of curiosity. A lot can happen to a person's appearance in three months in my reflection, I see a narrow face, wide, round eyes, and a long, thin nose I still look like a little girl, though sometime in the last few months I turned sixteen. The other factions celebrate birthdays, but we don't. It would be self-indulgent.

(...) “So today is the day,” she says.

“Yes” I reply.

“Are you nervous?”

I stare into my own eyes for a moment. Today is the day of the Aptitude test that will show me which of the five factions I belong in. And tomorrow, at the Choosing Ceremony, I will decide on a faction; I will decide the rest of my life: I will decide to stay with my family or abandon them.

“No,” I say. “The tests don't have to change our choices.”

“Right.” She smiles. “Let's go eat breakfast.”

“Thank you, For cutting my hair.”

She kisses my cheek and sides the panel over the mirror. I think my mother could be beautiful, in a different world. Her body is thin beneath the gray robe. She has high cheekbones and long eyelashes, and when she lets her hair down at night, it hangs in waves over her shoulders. But she must hide that beauty in Abnegation.

We walk together to the kitchen. On these mornings when my brother makes breakfast, and my father's hand skims my hair as he reads the newspaper, and my mother hums as she clears the table - it is on these mornings that | feel guiltiest for wanting to leave them.

Adapted from https://genius.com/Veronica-roth-divergent-chapter-1-annotated

Read text VII to answer questions 37 to 40.

TEXT VII

“"Divergent is a dark and thrilling series of young adult science fiction books by American novelist Veronica Roth. The trilogy consists of “Divergent” (2011), “Insurgent (2012), and “Allegiant” (2013), which were later adapted into 3 films.

tis set in a post-apocalyptic dystopian Chicago that has separated its population into five Factions, each defined by certain values. The Factions are Dauntless (the brave), Amity (the kind), Erudite (the intelligent), Abnegation (the selfless), and Candor (the honest). Each year, teenagers of a certain age take a placement test and then choose the Faction to which they will devote the rest of their lives. In Chapter 1, we are introduced to Beatrice Prior, who later changes her name to Tris, the protagonist and narrator of the story. As she sits in front of a mirror while her mother cuts her hair, she reflects on the life challenges she will have to face soon.

Chapter 1

THERE IS ONE mirror in my house. It is behind a sliding panel in the hallway upstairs. Our faction allows us to stand in front of it on the second day of every third month, the day my mother cuts my hair.

I sit on the stool and my mother stands behind me with the scissors, trimming, The strands fall on the floor in a dull, blond ring.

When she: finishes, she pulls my hair away from my face and twisting into a knot. I note how calm she looks and how focused she is. She is well-practiced in the art of losing herself. I can't say the same of myself.

I sneak a look at my reflection when she isn't paying attention-not for the sake of vanity, but out of curiosity. A lot can happen to a person's appearance in three months in my reflection, I see a narrow face, wide, round eyes, and a long, thin nose I still look like a little girl, though sometime in the last few months I turned sixteen. The other factions celebrate birthdays, but we don't. It would be self-indulgent.

(...) “So today is the day,” she says.

“Yes” I reply.

“Are you nervous?”

I stare into my own eyes for a moment. Today is the day of the Aptitude test that will show me which of the five factions I belong in. And tomorrow, at the Choosing Ceremony, I will decide on a faction; I will decide the rest of my life: I will decide to stay with my family or abandon them.

“No,” I say. “The tests don't have to change our choices.”

“Right.” She smiles. “Let's go eat breakfast.”

“Thank you, For cutting my hair.”

She kisses my cheek and sides the panel over the mirror. I think my mother could be beautiful, in a different world. Her body is thin beneath the gray robe. She has high cheekbones and long eyelashes, and when she lets her hair down at night, it hangs in waves over her shoulders. But she must hide that beauty in Abnegation.

We walk together to the kitchen. On these mornings when my brother makes breakfast, and my father's hand skims my hair as he reads the newspaper, and my mother hums as she clears the table - it is on these mornings that | feel guiltiest for wanting to leave them.

Adapted from https://genius.com/Veronica-roth-divergent-chapter-1-annotated

Read text VII to answer questions 37 to 40.

TEXT VII

“"Divergent is a dark and thrilling series of young adult science fiction books by American novelist Veronica Roth. The trilogy consists of “Divergent” (2011), “Insurgent (2012), and “Allegiant” (2013), which were later adapted into 3 films.

tis set in a post-apocalyptic dystopian Chicago that has separated its population into five Factions, each defined by certain values. The Factions are Dauntless (the brave), Amity (the kind), Erudite (the intelligent), Abnegation (the selfless), and Candor (the honest). Each year, teenagers of a certain age take a placement test and then choose the Faction to which they will devote the rest of their lives. In Chapter 1, we are introduced to Beatrice Prior, who later changes her name to Tris, the protagonist and narrator of the story. As she sits in front of a mirror while her mother cuts her hair, she reflects on the life challenges she will have to face soon.

Chapter 1

THERE IS ONE mirror in my house. It is behind a sliding panel in the hallway upstairs. Our faction allows us to stand in front of it on the second day of every third month, the day my mother cuts my hair.

I sit on the stool and my mother stands behind me with the scissors, trimming, The strands fall on the floor in a dull, blond ring.

When she: finishes, she pulls my hair away from my face and twisting into a knot. I note how calm she looks and how focused she is. She is well-practiced in the art of losing herself. I can't say the same of myself.

I sneak a look at my reflection when she isn't paying attention-not for the sake of vanity, but out of curiosity. A lot can happen to a person's appearance in three months in my reflection, I see a narrow face, wide, round eyes, and a long, thin nose I still look like a little girl, though sometime in the last few months I turned sixteen. The other factions celebrate birthdays, but we don't. It would be self-indulgent.

(...) “So today is the day,” she says.

“Yes” I reply.

“Are you nervous?”

I stare into my own eyes for a moment. Today is the day of the Aptitude test that will show me which of the five factions I belong in. And tomorrow, at the Choosing Ceremony, I will decide on a faction; I will decide the rest of my life: I will decide to stay with my family or abandon them.

“No,” I say. “The tests don't have to change our choices.”

“Right.” She smiles. “Let's go eat breakfast.”

“Thank you, For cutting my hair.”

She kisses my cheek and sides the panel over the mirror. I think my mother could be beautiful, in a different world. Her body is thin beneath the gray robe. She has high cheekbones and long eyelashes, and when she lets her hair down at night, it hangs in waves over her shoulders. But she must hide that beauty in Abnegation.

We walk together to the kitchen. On these mornings when my brother makes breakfast, and my father's hand skims my hair as he reads the newspaper, and my mother hums as she clears the table - it is on these mornings that | feel guiltiest for wanting to leave them.

Adapted from https://genius.com/Veronica-roth-divergent-chapter-1-annotated

Read text VI to answer question 36.

TEXT VI

Read text V to answer questions 34 and 35.

TEXT V

US considers 'sun blocking' to cool the Earth

It sounds like something out of a sci-fi novel, but some researchers want to cool the earth by reflecting sunlight back into space. Sun blocking' technologies - also known as solar radiation modification (SRM) - could theoretically cool down the earth by reflecting sunlight back into space. One idea involves pumping sun-blocking particles into the upper atmosphere. This process of 'stratospheric aerosol injection! would involve planes spraying an aerosol like sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere. This mist of particles would refiect the sun back upwards, shading the earth. The method has already worked - although accidentally. When Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted in 1991, it released thousands of tons of sulfur dioxide. The global temperature temporarily dropped by 0.5ºC. In September 2022, researchers at Yale University argued that the injection method could hypothetically refreeze the poles. - À White House report published last Friday confirms that the US is open to researching SRM. "A programme of research into the scientific and societal implications of solar radiation modification (SRM) would enable better-informed decisions about the potential risks and benefits of SRM as a component, of climate policy, alongside the foundational elements 'of greenhouse gas emissions mitigation and adaptation; it says. However, the report also clarifies that no decisioh-has been made to "establish a comprehensive research “programme focused on solar radiation modification.”

In February, several news outlets reported that the UN wanted to:'explore' this technique. This could give the impression that the organisation had approved sun blocking as a viable-.tool to fight climate change. Unfortunately for tech enthusiasts, this is not the case. The UN Environmental Programs recent report into SRM concludes that it is not currently a realistic or wise plan. "UNEP conecurs with the panel that, at present, large-scale, or operational deployment of SRM technologies is not necessary, viable, prudent or sufficiently safe, given the limited scientific understanding and uncertainty about the potential impacts and unintended consequences," says UNEP's Chief Scientist Andrea Himwood. “The review concludes that SRM cannot replace reducing greenhouse gas emissions." Nonetheless, the body doesn't rule out the method altogether, with the report concluding that their assessment of the technique "may change should climate actions remain insufficient”.

Adapted from https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/07/05/sun-blockers-us-scientists-aim-to-cool-the-earth-by-refiecting-sunlight-into-space