Considere a economia do tipo IS-LM aberta ao exterior, tanto em termos de fluxos de comércio como em termos de capitais, sob o regime de taxas de câmbio flutuantes. Desconsidere o papel das expectativas sobre a taxa de câmbio.

Item 2: Uma política fiscal expansiva não afeta o nível de emprego, pois induz a uma apreciação de taxa de câmbio, reduzindo proporcionalmente as exportações líquidas do país.

(Assinale “Falsa” ou “Verdadeira”)

De acordo com a “Teoria Geral”, de J.M.Keynes, para um dado nível de salário nominal, quando ha “desemprego involuntário”:

Item 2: A produtividade marginal do trabalho cai, quando aumenta o nível de emprego, “cateris paribus”.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As also seen in the first paragraph:

Item 1: Stringent environmental regulations mean strict environmental norms.

Considerando os três estágios de produção:

Item 2: Quando o produto marginal do fator variável for crescente, o produto marginal do fator fixo é negativo.

Sejam X e Y variáveis aleatórias independentes tais que: E(X) = 3, E(Y) = 2, E(X²) = 10 e E(Y²) = 7. Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 2: Var(Y - 3X) = 6.

Em relação às distribuições de probabilidade pode-se afirmar que:

Item 2: Uma variável aleatória com distribuição F de Snedecor é proporcional ao quociente de qui-quadrados independentes.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As also find in the first paragraph of the text:

Item 3: “damage the invironment” means “prejudicar o meio-ambiente”.

Com respeito às distribuições de freqüência pode-se afirmar que:

Item 2: A mediana é menos sensível que a média a valores extremos (ou discrepantes).

Classifique, como V ou F, as afirmativas abaixo:

Item 0: Uma taxa de investimento a preços correntes superior à taxa de investimento a preços constantes é conseqüência do encarecimento dos Bens de Capital em relação à média de preços da economia.

A fórmula da elasticidade de substituição é dada por:

!$ σ = { \large \Delta (K / L) \over \Delta (TM_gST)} . { \large TM_gST \over K / L} !$

onde K e L são dois insumos e TMgST é a taxa marginal de substituição técnica, ou seja, !$ PM_{gL} / PM_{gK} !$.

Item 3: Dados os pontos !$ (K_0, L_0) = (4,4) !$ e !$ (K_1, L_1) = (5,3,2) !$ da isoquanta !$ 4 = K^{0,5} L^{0,5} !$

é fácil verificar que a elasticidade de substituição técnica é superior à unidade.