Um indivíduo consome apenas os bens 1 e 2. Assumindo que o bem 1 é um bem inferior e o bem 2 é um bem normal e supondo que o preço do bem normal caia,

Item 1 - O efeito substituição implicará no menor consumo do bem 1 e o efeito renda em um menor consumo do bem 2.

Suponha que existam 2N + 1 indivíduos, sendo que N deles possuem como dotação uma unidade do bem A e os restantes N + 1 possuem uma unidade do bem B. Ambos os bens são indivisíveis. Todos os indivíduos possuem igual função utilidade dada por U = Min{A,B}, em que A e B representam as unidades dos dois bens, respectivamente, e Min o mínimo entre as duas quantidades. Então:

Item 3 - Existe(m) forma(s) de redistribuição da dotação inicial que leva(m) a uma perda de bem estar para um dos indivíduos.

Considerando o modelo (neo)clássico e a teoria quantitativa de moeda, responda certo ou errado:

Item 0 - O aumento da oferta de moeda pode elevar o nível de emprego, mas provoca tensões inflacionárias.

Assinale se o item é certo ou errado:

Item 4 - As equações !$ a_1x+a_2y+a_3=0 !$ e !$ b_1x+b_2y+b_3=0 !$ contêm o ponto !$ (x_0,y_0) !$. Então, para uma dada constante c, a equação !$ (a_1x+a_2y+a_3)+c(b_1x+b_2y+b_3)=0 !$ conterá o ponto !$ (x_0,y_0) !$.

Responda certo ou errado:

Item 3 - Se houver superávit no balanço de pagamentos em transações correntes e igualdade entre poupança privada e investimento privado, as contas do Governo devem ser deficitárias.

Indique se o item é certo ou errado:

Item 0 - Seja !$ f(x)=2^{x^2} !$. Logo !$ f'(1)=2 !$.

Em relação ao modelo de regressão múltipla !$ Y_i=\beta_0+\beta_1X_{1i}+\beta_2X_{2i}+ ...=\beta_kX_{ki}+e_1 !$, !$ i=1,2 !$

Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0 - O método, dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO), usado para estimar os coeficientes !$ \beta_j !$, !$ j=0,1, ..., k !$ exige que o erro tenha distribuição normal.

Deseja-se investigar a afirmação de que o salário médio anual dos economistas em São Paulo é maior do que o salário médio anual dos economistas no Rio de Janeiro. Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 1 - É necessário assumir que os salários em ambas as populações seguem uma distribuição normal.

Indique se o item abaixo é certo ou errado, com base no texto a que se refere.

PART III

THE MANDARIN REVOLUTION

When the Great War came, Keynes was not attracted to the trenches. He went to the Treasury, where his job was to take British earnings from trade, proceeds from loans floated in the United States and returns from securities conscripted and sold abroad and make them cover all possible overseas war purchases. And he helped the French and the Russians do the same. No magic was involved, as many have since suggested. Economic skill does not extend to getting very much for nothing. but an adept and resourceful mind was useful, and this Keynes had. In the course of time Keynes received a notice to report for military service. He sent it back. When the war was over, he was a natural choice for the British delegation to the Peace Conference. That, from the official view, was an appalling mistake.

The mood in Paris in the early month of 1919 was vengeful, myopic, indifferent to economic realities, and it horrified Keynes. So did his fellow civil servants. So did the politicians. In June he resigned and came home, and, in the next two month, he composed the greatest polemical document of modern times. It was against the reparations clauses of the Treaty and, as he saw it, the Carthaginian peace.

Europe would only punish itself by exacting, or seeking to exact, more from the Germans than they had the practical capacity to pay. Restraint by the victors was not a matter ot compassion but of elementary self-interest. The case was documented with figures and written with passion. In memorable passages Keynes gave his impressions of the men who were writing the peace. Woodrow Wilson he called “this blind and deaf Don Quixote.” Of Clemenceau he said: “He had one illusion - France; and one desillusion, mankind ...” On Lloyd George he was rather severe: “How can I convey to the reader, who does not know him, any just impression of this extraordinary figure of our time, this syren, this goat-footed bard, this half-human visitor to our age from the hag-ridden magic and enchanted woods of Celtic antiquity.”

Alas, no man is of perfect courage. Keynes deleted this passage on Lloyd George at the last moment.

The Economic Consequences of Peace was published before the end of 1919. The judgement of the British Establishment was rendered by The Times: “Mr. Keynes may be a clever economist. He may have been a useful Treasury official. But in writing this book, he has rendered the Allies a disservice for which their enemies will, doubtless, be grateful. “In time there would be a responsible view that Keynes went too far - that in calculating the limits on Germany’s ability to pay, he was excessively orthodox. Perhaps he contributed to the German’s sense of persecution and injustice that Hitler so effectively exploited. But the technique of The Times attack should also be noticed. It was not that the great men of the Treaty and the Establishment were suffering under the onslaught, although that, of course, was the real point. Rather, the criticism was causing rejoicing to the nation’s enemies. It is a device to which highly respectable men regularly resort. “Even if you are right, it is only the Communists who will be pleased.” (John Kenneth Galbraith, 1977. The Age of Uncertainty. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, p.198-200).

According to the text:

Item 4 - Keynes and his fellow civil servants were appalled by the Parisians indifference to economic realities in the Fall of 1919.

Com relação à teoria da Probabilidade pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0 - Se A e B são eventos independentes, então: !$ P(A ∪ B)=P(A)+P(B) !$