A Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF) é base que fundamenta as regulamentações relativas ao ensino religioso nas escolas brasileiras. No que se refere à religião e ao ensino religioso, conforme disposto na CF, julgue o próximo item.

Os governos estaduais e municipais que subvencionam cultos religiosos, ou igrejas, e que qualificam o ensino religioso em outros espaços estão agindo em conformidade com a CF.

The goddess Thetis was a sea nymph, so beautiful that the Olympians desired her, and even Zeus was tempted. However, an oracle told the gods that the son of Thetis would be more magnificent than his father, and so the gods shunned her S because they did not want to suffer a similar fate to Chronos, whose son Zeus conquered.

It was decided that Thetis must marry a mortal, and Cheiron, the centaur, suggested that a student of his – Peleus – should marry her. She fled from him but was eventually captured and married to him. She had many children, and tried to make them immortal by dipping them in the Styx and then thrusting them into a fire. However, this killed all of them except her last-born, whose father saved him from the fire. The
boy, Achilles, had only been dipped into the Styx, which succeeded in protecting him, but since his mother had held him by the heel, that part of him was not protected.

According to legend, Achilles’ escape from the fire was very narrow indeed, with his father pulling him out too late to save him from being burnt on the ankle. However, the centaur Cheiron helped Peleus once again, by replacing the ankle bone of Achilles with one belonging to the giant Damysos, a great runner. This was what gave Achilles his famous speed.

An oracle told Achilles that he was destined either to have a short yet glorious life, or a long and undistinguished one. Achilles chose the more noble course, and when the Trojan War began he joined the Greeks and turned out to be a tremendous fighter.

His most famous adventure, however, centres around an argument with his king, Agamemnon, during which he shunned the battle completely. Without his inspiring presence, the Greeks lost a great many men, and begged him to return. Achilles compromised — he would allow his best friend Patrocles to wear his armour, fooling the Trojans into thinking he was Achilles and losing heart.

But then the plan backfired, and Patrocles was killed. Achilles was so brokenhearted and upset that he rejoined the war, fighting more fiercely than ever and killing the best Trojan fighter, Hector. However, he was hated by Apollo, who was fighting with the Trojans in the great war, and who killed Achilles in battle by shooting an arrow at the only vulnerable part of his body — his heel.

Internet: <http://news.bbc.co.uk> (adapted).

Judge the following item, based on the text above.

In line 21, the word “one” refers to “ankle bone”.

Julgue o item a seguir, relativos à bíblia.

A bíblia hebraica é constituída de três partes principais — Torá (a lei), Neviim (profetas) e Ketuvim (hagiógrafos) —, em conjunto denominadas Tanach.

Propuestas de trabajo de Victoria Coronado

1. Se trabaja con el grupo completo. Se presenta la lectura con la que se va a trabajar. Se habla del autor, del ilustrador, el título de la lectura y se les pide a los estudiantes que hagan predicciones acerca de la lectura.

Antes de iniciar la lectura se habla de la habilidad que se trabajará durante la semana. El profesor o la profesora inicia la lectura en voz alta y luego le pide a diferentes alumnos y alumnas que lean un párrafo y se va discutiendo la lectura con todo el grupo.

El profesor hace un modelaje de alguna estrategia de comprensión lectora realizando preguntas como: ¿Cómo creen que se va a resolver el problema?, ¿Quiénes son los personajes principales?, ¿Cuál es el principio, medio y final de la lectura? En este primer día se trabaja la motivación a la lectura con todo el grupo. Después se hacen los ejercicios elaborados previamente por el profesor que deben coincidir con los temas de lengua de la semana.

2. El profesor comenta con los alumnos la lectura leída el día anterior y presenta instrucciones precisas para cada uno de los centros. Los pupitres de los niños deben estar agrupados formando cuatro grupos y los niños rotan cada 40 minutos. Cada grupo trabaja en su centro un día a la vez. Hay centro de escritura, centro de gramática y ortografía, centro de trabajo independiente con habilidades lectoras, lectura con el profesor o la profesora y rincón de lectura, donde los niños leen libremente o realizan juegos didácticos.

Cuando se trabaja en centros, la profesora o el profesor primero tiene a su grupo dividido en grupos de cuatro y asigna un centro a cada grupo, verifica que en cada grupo estén trabajando debidamente, y luego él o ella se sienta con el grupo de lectura a leer de nuevo, repasar estrategias de comprensión lectora como hacer predicciones, resumir de forma periódica, utilizar un organizador gráfico para ver la estructura del texto, inferir y resumir.

3. Antes de iniciar el trabajo en centros, el profesor repasa los objetivos de las actividades a realizar. Luego, los niños rotan en los centros. Cuando se trabaja en grupos pequeños, es importante tomar en cuenta que el manejo del grupo y la disciplina son indispensables para el éxito de este trabajo.

Internet: <www.educarchile.cl> (con adaptaciones).

Considerando las ideas del texto de arriba y sus aspectos gramaticales, juzgue lo ítem.

El vocablo “debidamente” se puede cambiar por la palabra cómodamente, sin alterar el sentido.

A complexidade da organização escolar afeta o seu principal gestor, o diretor. Ele tem de aliar quatro tipos de competências: conhecimentos específicos relativos à educação; relacionamento interpessoal com a comunidade interna, em especial com os professores e alunos; capacidade de ganhar confiança e atrair a comunidade externa, principalmente os pais; e habilidades em gestão.

Desse modo, devem ser evitadas duas visões extremas: a de ignorar a necessidade de os gestores escolares conhecerem e desenvolverem ferramentas de gestão, e a de acreditar que basta implantar um modelo gerencial “importado” de qualquer grande empresa, trazendo junto um diretor com perfil de “gerente”, que serão resolvidos os problemas da escola. Tais visões aparecem regularmente no debate educacional e produzem efeitos deletérios para o avanço da gestão escolar.

Internet: <www.fvc.org.br> (com adaptações).

Em relação às estruturas linguísticas do texto acima, julgue o próximo item.

Empregado em sentido figurado, o termo ‘importado’ tem, no texto, o sentido de comprado.

The term language learning strategy has been defined by many researchers. Wenden and Rubin (1987:19) define learning strategies as “... any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information.” Richards and Platt (1992:209) state that learning strategies are “intentional behavior and thoughts used by learners during learning so as to better help them understand, learn, or remember new information.” According to Stern (1992:261), “the concept of learning strategy is dependent on the assumption that learners consciously engage in activities to achieve certain goals and learning strategies can be regarded as broadly conceived intentional directions and learning techniques.” All language learners use language learning strategies either consciously or unconsciously when processing new information and performing tasks in the language classroom. Since language classroom is like a problem-solving environment in which language learners are likely to face new input and difficult tasks given by their instructors, learners’ attempts to find the quickest or easiest way to do what is required, that is, using language learning strategies is inescapable.

Language learning strategies use during the act of processing the new information and performing tasks have been identified, described and classified by many scholars. However, most of these attempts to classify language learning strategies reflect more or less the
same categorizations without any radical changes.

M. Hismanoglu. Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. In: The Internet TESL Journal. Internet: <http//:iteslj.org> (adapted).

Based on the text, judge the following item.

There are many categorizations of learning strategies but most of them are all very similar.

Carta de Princípios do Fórum Nacional Permanente do Ensino Religioso (FONAPER)

Esta Carta de Princípios contém o contrato moral que todo associado desse fórum estabelece consigo mesmo e com a educação; contrato que se projeta para além de compromissos jurídicos e institucionais:

1. Garantia de que a escola, seja qual for sua natureza, ofereça ensino religioso ao educando, em todos os níveis de escolaridade, respeitando as diversidades de pensamento e opção religiosa e cultural do educando.

2. Definição junto aos sistemas de ensino do conteúdo programático do ensino religioso, integrante e integrado às propostas pedagógicas.

3. Contribuição para que o ensino religioso expresse sua vivência ética pautada pela dignidade humana.

4. Exigência de investimento real na qualificação e capacitação de profissional para o ensino religioso, preservando-se e ampliando-se as conquistas, de todo magistério, bem como garantindo-se condições de trabalho e aperfeiçoamentos necessários.

Internet: <http://www.fonaper.com.br/carta-principios.php> (com adaptações).

Com base no texto acima, julgue o item a seguir.

No primeiro princípio, expõe-se a perspectiva de um ensino religioso contrário à discriminação negativa em relação às diferentes expressões religiosas em sala de aula.

Internet: <www.gocomics.com>.

Based on the comic strip, judge the item below.

The sentence “I’m not going to learn” suggests that learning is difficult for the boy.

A fauna das ilhas de pequeno porte é, em geral, poucodiversificada. A jararaca-ilhoa (Bothrops insularis) é uma das poucas espécies de vertebrados de Queimada Grande, uma ilha na costa sul de São Paulo. No continente, a espécie com parentesco mais próximo à jararaca-ilhoa é a jararaca comum (Bothrops jararaca), cujos adultos se alimentam principalmente de roedores, em contraste com a dieta de adultos da jararaca-ilhoa, que é baseada em aves migratórias. O modo como a jararaca-ilhoa lida com aves também é diferente do modo como a jararaca continental lida com roedores. Ao picar um roedor, a jararaca comum o solta de imediato para evitar a mordida do animal, que poderia feri-la gravemente. Em seguida, ela acompanha a trilha de cheiro até encontrar a presa que está imobilizada pelo veneno. A jararaca-ilhoa, por outro lado, retém na boca a ave capturada até o veneno matá-la. Se fosse solta, a ave voaria até que o veneno fizesse efeito, sem, contudo, deixar trilha de cheiro no chão. Em decorrência da especialização alimentar, a jararaca-ilhoa possui veneno cinco vezes mais potente que o da jararaca continental.

Fonte: Ciência Hoje, setembro de 2002 (com adaptações).

Com base no texto acima, julgue o item, acerca da diversidade biológica e sua evolução.

As serpentes são classificadas no grupo taxonômico dos tetrápodes.

Philadelphia is a city known for many things. It is where the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, and it was also the first capital of the United States. But one fact about Philadelphia is not so well-known: it is home to nearly 3,000 murals painted on the sides of homes and buildings around the city. In fact, it is said that Philadelphia has more murals than any other city in the world, with the exception of Rome. How did this come to be?

More than 20 years ago, a New Jersey artist named Jane Golden started a project pairing troubled youth with artists to paint murals on a few buildings around the city. From this small project, something magical happened. The young people involved helped to create magnificent pieces of art, but there were other, perhaps more important benefits. The young people learned to collaborate and get along with many different kinds of people during the various steps required to paint and design a mural. They learned to be responsible, because they needed to follow a schedule to make sure the murals were completed. They also learned to take pride in their community. It is hard for any resident to see the spectacular designs and not feel proud to be a part of Philadelphia.

Take a walk around some of the poorest neighborhoods in Philadelphia, full of broken windows and littered front steps, and you will find beautiful works of art on the sides and fronts of buildings. Of course the murals are not just in poor neighborhoods, but also in more affluent ones. Special buses take tourists to different parts of the city to see the various murals, which range from huge portraits of historical heroes, to cityscapes, to scenes depicting the diverse ethnic groups that call Philadelphia home.

As a result of its success, the mural project created by Jane Golden has now become the nation’s largest public art project and a model for other cities throughout the country seeking to help troubled youth.

Internet: <www.englishforeveryone.org> (adapted).

According to the text, judge the following item.

One of the objectives of the text is to inform how Philadelphia became the second city in the world with most murals.