TEXT 3

This morning, the village school opened. I had twenty scholars. But three of the number can read: none write or cipher. Several knit, and a few sew a little. They speak with the broadest accent of the district. At present, they and Ihave a difficulty in understanding each other's language. Some of them are unmannered, rough, intractable, as well as ignorant; but others are docile, have a wish to learn, and evince a disposition that pleases me. I must not forget that these coarsely-clad little peasants are of flesh and blood as good as the scions of gentlest genealogy; and that the germs of native excellence, refinement, intelligence, kind feeling, are as likely to exist in their hearts as in those of the best-born. My duty will be to develop these germs: surely I shall find some happiness in discharging that office. Much enjoyment I do not expect in the life opening before me: yet it will, doubtless, if I regulate my mind, and exert my powers as I ought, yield me enough to live on from day to day.

Source: Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brônte (1847). Available on: https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/119-2014-04-09- Jane%20Eyre.pdf

TEXT 2

Why Cheating Increased in the Pandemic and What to Do About It

1 Right now, talking about honesty might feel old-fashioned. The pandemic and its ripple effects of anxiety and stress may seem like a license to prioritize our wants and needs over our oughts and shoulds. In particular, more than a few students and parents I've spoken with in recent months told me that until this crisis is behind us, it should be OK to cheat a little on homework and exams. And nationwide, reports of cheating at college since the advent of the pandemic have skyrocketed.

2 New research shows that, indeed, students who report higher levels of distress, sadness, and other negative emotions tend to adopt more generous attitudes toward plagiarism, which in turn predicts actually committing more plagiarism. In other words, when you're feeling besieged, doing the right thing is even harder than usual.

3 Don't underestimate the influence of stress on every aspect of behavior, including honesty. Decisions to do the right thing are more difficult when you feel like you're struggling.

Source: Adapted from "Why Cheating Increased in the Pandemic and What to Do About It”, by Angela Duckworth, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.edweek.org/leadership/opinion-why-cheating- increased-in-the-pandemic-and-what-to-do-about- it/2022/04

TEXT 2

Why Cheating Increased in the Pandemic and What to Do About It

1 Right now, talking about honesty might feel old-fashioned. The pandemic and its ripple effects of anxiety and stress may seem like a license to prioritize our wants and needs over our oughts and shoulds. In particular, more than a few students and parents I've spoken with in recent months told me that until this crisis is behind us, it should be OK to cheat a little on homework and exams. And nationwide, reports of cheating at college since the advent of the pandemic have skyrocketed.

2 New research shows that, indeed, students who report higher levels of distress, sadness, and other negative emotions tend to adopt more generous attitudes toward plagiarism, which in turn predicts actually committing more plagiarism. In other words, when you're feeling besieged, doing the right thing is even harder than usual.

3 Don't underestimate the influence of stress on every aspect of behavior, including honesty. Decisions to do the right thing are more difficult when you feel like you're struggling.

Source: Adapted from "Why Cheating Increased in the Pandemic and What to Do About It”, by Angela Duckworth, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.edweek.org/leadership/opinion-why-cheating- increased-in-the-pandemic-and-what-to-do-about- it/2022/04

WHOSE HOME LANGUAGE MATTERS?

Recently in South Africa, | was with Sônia Nieto, a distinguished American scholar. A South African-Israeli, whom we had only just met socially, engaged her in conversation about language issues in the US. Taking her for a white, native speaker of English, he expressed the view that Spanish migrants in the US should not speak Spanish but English. If they live in the US, he told us, they should 'melt', no doubt referring to the metaphor of 'America' as the great 'melting pot' where anyone is supposed to be able to achieve the 'American dream' and become successful.

What he did not know is that Dr Nieto identifies herself as a Puerto Rican-American, her husband comes from Spain and members of her family are Spanish-English bilinguals. She is a qualified bilingual educator, who is known internationally for her work in bilingual and multicultural education. It was interesting to see this man come face to face with someone who both challenged: his taken-for-granted view of language as wellas his stereotype of Latinas.

Source: Adapted from 'Doing Critical Literacy: Texts and Actívíties for Students and Teachers, by Hilary Janks, Routledge, 2014.

WHOSE HOME LANGUAGE MATTERS?

Recently in South Africa, | was with Sônia Nieto, a distinguished American scholar. A South African-Israeli, whom we had only just met socially, engaged her in conversation about language issues in the US. Taking her for a white, native speaker of English, he expressed the view that Spanish migrants in the US should not speak Spanish but English. If they live in the US, he told us, they should 'melt', no doubt referring to the metaphor of 'America' as the great 'melting pot' where anyone is supposed to be able to achieve the 'American dream' and become successful.

What he did not know is that Dr Nieto identifies herself as a Puerto Rican-American, her husband comes from Spain and members of her family are Spanish-English bilinguals. She is a qualified bilingual educator, who is known internationally for her work in bilingual and multicultural education. It was interesting to see this man come face to face with someone who both challenged: his taken-for-granted view of language as wellas his stereotype of Latinas.

Source: Adapted from 'Doing Critical Literacy: Texts and Actívíties for Students and Teachers, by Hilary Janks, Routledge, 2014.

TEXT I

WHOSE HOME LANGUAGE MATTERS?

Recently in South Africa, I was with Sônia Nieto, a distinguished American scholar. A South African-Israeli, whom we had only just met socially, engaged her in conversation about language issues in the US. Taking her for a white, native speaker of English, he expressed the view that Spanish migrants in the US should not speak Spanish but English. If they live in the US, he told us, they should 'melt', no doubt referring to the metaphor of 'America' as the great 'melting pot where anyone is supposed to be able to achieve the 'American dream´ and become successful.

What he did not know is that Dr Nieto identifies herself as a Puerto Rican-American, her husband comes from Spain and members of her family are Spanish-English bilinguals. She is a qualified bilingual educator, who is known internationally for her work in bilingual and multicultural education. It was interesting to see this man come face to face with someone who both challenged: his taken-for-granted view of language as well as his stereotype of Latinas.

Source: Adapted from 'Doing Critical Literacy: Texts and Activities for Students and Teachers", by Hilary Janks, Routledge, 2014.

TEXT I

WHOSE HOME LANGUAGE MATTERS?

Recently in South Africa, I was with Sônia Nieto, a distinguished American scholar. A South African-Israeli, whom we had only just met socially, engaged her in conversation about language issues in the US. Taking her for a white, native speaker of English, he expressed the view that Spanish migrants in the US should not speak Spanish but English. If they live in the US, he told us, they should 'melt', no doubt referring to the metaphor of 'America' as the great 'melting pot where anyone is supposed to be able to achieve the 'American dream´ and become successful.

What he did not know is that Dr Nieto identifies herself as a Puerto Rican-American, her husband comes from Spain and members of her family are Spanish-English bilinguals. She is a qualified bilingual educator, who is known internationally for her work in bilingual and multicultural education. It was interesting to see this man come face to face with someone who both challenged: his taken-for-granted view of language as well as his stereotype of Latinas.

Source: Adapted from 'Doing Critical Literacy: Texts and Activities for Students and Teachers", by Hilary Janks, Routledge, 2014.

Instruction: answer questions 31 to 40 based on the following text. The highlights throughout the text are cited in the questions.

He donated blood and saved the lives of 2.4 million babies

01 Most people get a gold watch when they retire. James Harrison deserves so much more than

02 that. Known as the “Man With the Golden Arm,” Harrison has donated blood nearly every week

03 for 60 years, and after all those donations, the 81-year-old Australian man “retired” Friday.

04 According to the Australian Red Cross Blood Service, he has helped save the lives of more than

05 2.4 million Australian babies because his blood has unique, disease-fighting antibodies.

06 Harrison’s antibodies have been used to develop an injection called Anti-D, which helps

07 fight against rhesus disease. This disease is a condition where a pregnant woman has rhesus-

08 negative blood (RhD negative) and the baby in her womb has rhesus-positive blood (RhD

09 positive), inherited from its father. If the mother has been sensitized to rhesus-positive blood,

10 usually during a previous pregnancy with a rhesus-positive baby, she may produce antibodies

11 that destroy the baby’s “foreign” blood cells. In the worst cases, it can result in brain damage,

12 or death, for the babies.

13 Harrison’s remarkable gift of giving started when he had major chest surgery when he was

14 just 14. Blood donations saved his life, so he pledged to become a blood donor. A few years

15 later, doctors discovered his blood contained the antibody which could be used to create Anti-D

16 injections, so he switched over to making blood plasma donations to help as many people as

17 possible. Doctors aren’t exactly sure why Harrison has this rare blood type, but they think it

18 might be from the transfusions he received when he was 14, after his surgery. He’s one of no

19 more than 50 people in Australia known to have the antibodies, according to the blood service.

20 “In Australia, up until about 1967, there were literally thousands of babies dying each year,

21 doctors didn’t know why, and it was awful.” Jemma Falkenmire, of the Australian Red Cross

22 Blood Service, told CNN. “Australia was one of the first countries to discover a blood donor with

23 this antibody, so it was quite revolutionary at the time.”

24 The blood service estimates Harrison saved more than two million lives, and for that, he is

25 considered a national hero in Australia. He’s won numerous awards for his generosity, including

26 the Medal of the Order of Australia, one of the country’s most prestigious honors. Now that

27 Harrison has given his last blood donation (in Australia you can’t donate blood past the age of

28 81), Falkenmire and others hope people with similar antibodies in their blood will step up and

29 donate.

(Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/11/health/james-harrison-blood-donor-retires-trnd/index.html – text especially adapted for this test).

Instruction: answer questions 31 to 40 based on the following text. The highlights throughout the text are cited in the questions.

He donated blood and saved the lives of 2.4 million babies

01 Most people get a gold watch when they retire. James Harrison deserves so much more than

02 that. Known as the “Man With the Golden Arm,” Harrison has donated blood nearly every week

03 for 60 years, and after all those donations, the 81-year-old Australian man “retired” Friday.

04 According to the Australian Red Cross Blood Service, he has helped save the lives of more than

05 2.4 million Australian babies because his blood has unique, disease-fighting antibodies.

06 Harrison’s antibodies have been used to develop an injection called Anti-D, which helps

07 fight against rhesus disease. This disease is a condition where a pregnant woman has rhesus-

08 negative blood (RhD negative) and the baby in her womb has rhesus-positive blood (RhD

09 positive), inherited from its father. If the mother has been sensitized to rhesus-positive blood,

10 usually during a previous pregnancy with a rhesus-positive baby, she may produce antibodies

11 that destroy the baby’s “foreign” blood cells. In the worst cases, it can result in brain damage,

12 or death, for the babies.

13 Harrison’s remarkable gift of giving started when he had major chest surgery when he was

14 just 14. Blood donations saved his life, so he pledged to become a blood donor. A few years

15 later, doctors discovered his blood contained the antibody which could be used to create Anti-D

16 injections, so he switched over to making blood plasma donations to help as many people as

17 possible. Doctors aren’t exactly sure why Harrison has this rare blood type, but they think it

18 might be from the transfusions he received when he was 14, after his surgery. He’s one of no

19 more than 50 people in Australia known to have the antibodies, according to the blood service.

20 “In Australia, up until about 1967, there were literally thousands of babies dying each year,

21 doctors didn’t know why, and it was awful.” Jemma Falkenmire, of the Australian Red Cross

22 Blood Service, told CNN. “Australia was one of the first countries to discover a blood donor with

23 this antibody, so it was quite revolutionary at the time.”

24 The blood service estimates Harrison saved more than two million lives, and for that, he is

25 considered a national hero in Australia. He’s won numerous awards for his generosity, including

26 the Medal of the Order of Australia, one of the country’s most prestigious honors. Now that

27 Harrison has given his last blood donation (in Australia you can’t donate blood past the age of

28 81), Falkenmire and others hope people with similar antibodies in their blood will step up and

29 donate.

(Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/11/health/james-harrison-blood-donor-retires-trnd/index.html – text especially adapted for this test).

Instruction: answer questions 31 to 40 based on the following text. The highlights throughout the text are cited in the questions.

He donated blood and saved the lives of 2.4 million babies

01 Most people get a gold watch when they retire. James Harrison deserves so much more than

02 that. Known as the “Man With the Golden Arm,” Harrison has donated blood nearly every week

03 for 60 years, and after all those donations, the 81-year-old Australian man “retired” Friday.

04 According to the Australian Red Cross Blood Service, he has helped save the lives of more than

05 2.4 million Australian babies because his blood has unique, disease-fighting antibodies.

06 Harrison’s antibodies have been used to develop an injection called Anti-D, which helps

07 fight against rhesus disease. This disease is a condition where a pregnant woman has rhesus-

08 negative blood (RhD negative) and the baby in her womb has rhesus-positive blood (RhD

09 positive), inherited from its father. If the mother has been sensitized to rhesus-positive blood,

10 usually during a previous pregnancy with a rhesus-positive baby, she may produce antibodies

11 that destroy the baby’s “foreign” blood cells. In the worst cases, it can result in brain damage,

12 or death, for the babies.

13 Harrison’s remarkable gift of giving started when he had major chest surgery when he was

14 just 14. Blood donations saved his life, so he pledged to become a blood donor. A few years

15 later, doctors discovered his blood contained the antibody which could be used to create Anti-D

16 injections, so he switched over to making blood plasma donations to help as many people as

17 possible. Doctors aren’t exactly sure why Harrison has this rare blood type, but they think it

18 might be from the transfusions he received when he was 14, after his surgery. He’s one of no

19 more than 50 people in Australia known to have the antibodies, according to the blood service.

20 “In Australia, up until about 1967, there were literally thousands of babies dying each year,

21 doctors didn’t know why, and it was awful.” Jemma Falkenmire, of the Australian Red Cross

22 Blood Service, told CNN. “Australia was one of the first countries to discover a blood donor with

23 this antibody, so it was quite revolutionary at the time.”

24 The blood service estimates Harrison saved more than two million lives, and for that, he is

25 considered a national hero in Australia. He’s won numerous awards for his generosity, including

26 the Medal of the Order of Australia, one of the country’s most prestigious honors. Now that

27 Harrison has given his last blood donation (in Australia you can’t donate blood past the age of

28 81), Falkenmire and others hope people with similar antibodies in their blood will step up and

29 donate.

(Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/11/health/james-harrison-blood-donor-retires-trnd/index.html – text especially adapted for this test).