O lucro Y de uma empresa em função do tempo, X, tem distribuição normal com média seguindo a estrutura linear de regressão !$ \alpha !$ + !$ \beta !$X e variância, por pressuposição, constante. Ajustando-se esse modelo por mínimos quadrados a uma série de 5 anos obtiveram-se os somatórios abaixo:

!$ \sum X = 15, \sum Y = 38, \sum X^2 = 55, \sum Y^2 = 362, \sum XY = 141. !$

Pode-se afirmar que, exceto por erro de arredondamento,

Item 4: A soma dos quadrados explicada pelo modelo é 85,6.

Tendo em vista o Balancete consolidado do Sistema Monetário, classifique V ou F as afirmativas abaixo:

Item 2: Quando um indivíduo leva ao banco X unidades monetárias e efetua um depósito à vista há destruição de moeda (M₁).

Ainda em relação à questão anterior pode-se concluir que, exceto por erro de arredondamento:

Item 1: O erro padrão da estimativa de !$ \beta !$ é igual a 0,10.

Classifique, como V ou F, as afirmativas abaixo:

Item 3: Na análise IS-LM, o impacto de um cruzeiro a mais de gastos públicos sobre o produto de equilíbrio é igual ao de um cruzeiro a mais de transferências.

Classifique, como V ou F, as afirmativas abaixo:

Item 4: No modelo IS-LM, se a economia estiver abaixo do pleno emprego, não há meios da política fiscal deslocar também a curva LM.

Considerando os três estágios de produção:

Item 0: Os estágios I e III caracterizam-se pela presença de produtividade negativa.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As also find in the first paragraph of the text:

Item 1: “presumably” means “pobably”.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 1: the conclusion that the author supports the idea that Third World countries should not enact legislation controlling pollution is not correct.

Dada a equação !$ { \large d_y \over d_t} = - 0,5 y + 10 !$, indique se as afirmativas abaixo são verdadeiras ou falsas.

Item 3: A trajetória de y(t) não é cíclica.

Sabendo-se que !$ A = [3 1 2] !$, !$ B = \begin{bmatrix} 4.1 \\ 5.1 \\ 6.1 \end{bmatrix} !$ e !$ C = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix} !$, indique se as afirmativas abaixo são verdadeiras ou falsas.

Item 0: O produto ABC tem dimensão 1x1.