O preço X de um produto é considerado uma variável aleatória com função densidade de probabilidade dada por:

f(x) = !$ \begin{cases} kx^3 se 1 \ge x \ge 3; \\ 0 \, para \, qualquer \, outro \, valor \, de \, x \end{cases} !$

onde k é uma constante positiva. Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 4: A variância do preço deste produto é 9,1.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As one may infer from the second paragraph:

Item 2: in spite of contrary theoretical support, there is no empirical evidence that environmental regulations damper trade in all levels.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As seen in the first paragraph in the text above

Item 3: “environmental control costs” can be equally expressed by “costs of environmental control”.

Com respeito às distribuições de freqüência pode-se afirmar que:

Item 3: O coeficiente de correlação é uma medida independente de escala.

A capacidade de produção instalada (Y), em toneladas, de uma firma, pode ser função da potência instalada (X), em 1000kW, ou da área construída (Z) em 100m^{2 .}

Dados:

!$ \sum X = 38 !$, !$ \sum Y = 80 !$, !$ \sum Z = 100 !$, !$ \sum X^2 = 182 !$

!$ \sum y^2 = 736 !$, !$ \sum z^2 = 1048 !$, !$ \sum XY = 361 !$, !$ \sum YZ = 848 !$

Sendo n = 10, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 3: O R² da regressão em (2) é de 0,92.

Dados os conjuntos !$ A = \{ (x,y) | y \ge 3 + 2x, x ∈ R \} !$, !$ B = \{(x,y) | y \ge 3 + 3x, x ∈ R \} !$, !$ C = \{(x,y) | y \ge 2 + 2x, x ∈ R \} !$.

Item 1: Todo elemento de C pertence a A.

O mapa de isoquantas de produção é usado para representar, no caso de dois insumos, a superfície de produção num diagrama bidimensional.

Item 0: A inclinação positiva de algumas isoquantas é explicável pelas produtividades marginais positivas dos dois insumos.

Sabendo-se que !$ A = [3 1 2] !$, !$ B = \begin{bmatrix} 4.1 \\ 5.1 \\ 6.1 \end{bmatrix} !$ e !$ C = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix} !$, indique se as afirmativas abaixo são verdadeiras ou falsas.

Item 2: O produto B^t A^t está definido.

Considere uma economia onde o ajustamento de preços é descrito pela Curva de Phillips. Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 4: Com a incorporação das expectativas a eficácia da política monetária torna-se independente das hipóteses sobre comportamento do mercado de trabalho.

Com relação à formação de preços de um insumo produto é correto afirmar que:

Item 2: A renda corresponde ao retorno de um fator de produção com oferta fixa, sendo determinada pela demanda. Já a quase renda é a retribuição de um fator de produção temporariamente fixo e obtido como resíduo do preço de mercado.