THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 1: “stiffer measures” means “medidas mais precisas”.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As found in the fourth and fifth paragraphs:

Item 0: “dirty industries” means “indústrias desonestas”.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As put in the third paragraph:

Item 0: some authors have supported the idea that industries would eventually change their location because of environmental regulation.

Suponha que a função utilidade para cada consumidor individual é dada por U = 10_q1 + 5_q2 + q₁q₂. Cada um deles tem uma renda fixa de 100 dólares. Suponha que o preço de Q₂ seja 4 dólares por unidade e que hajam 200 consumidores no mercado.

Item 4: Os bens 1 e 2 são substitutos líquidos.

Considere uma economia Kaleckiana, com dois setores. No primeiro, todas as empresas agem de acordo com as regras de concorrência perfeita (é o setor “competitivo). O segundo setor, “oligopolizado”, é formado por empresas monopolistas, oligopolistas, e de concorrência monopolística. No setor “competitivo” os custos marginais (compostos apenas pelos custos salariais) são crescentes como nível de produção. A demanda pelos produtos dos setor depende de seus preços relativos, e do nível de renda global. No setor “oligopolizado”, os preços são dados por um mark-up sobre os custos salariais:

P = (1 + m) w/a

onde:
p = preço
m = mark-up
w = salário nominal
a = produtividade do trabalho (suposta constante)

O mark-up é fixado de forma a cobrir outros custos da empresa, e gerar liquidamente a taxa de lucro desejada sobre o capital. Por sua vez, a taxa de lucro desejada depende positivamente da taxa real de juros de longo prazo. O mark-up inicial é inferior ao mark-up neoclássico, ou seja, o lucro de curto prazo é inferior ao máximo.

Suponha que o investimento é composto por dois itens: o investimento no setor “competitivo”, que varia inversamente com a taxa real de juros, e o investimento no setor “oligopolizado”, que varia positivamente com a taxa de utilização da capacidade instalada.

Os trabalhadores consomem integralmente sua renda, mas a propensão a consumir dos capitalistas é menor do que a unidade.

Suponha um aumento na taxa real de juros. Assinale “Falsa” ou “Verdadeira” para cada uma das afirmações abaixo:

Item 3: A massa total de lucros permanece constante.

O governo estabelece um imposto específico sobre as vendas de calças jeans. Supondo que esse mercado seja competitivo,

Item 1: a incidência do imposto recairá totalmente sobre os vendedores, se a elasticidade-preço da demanda for infinita.

Com respeito aos testes de hipóteses pode-se afirmar que:

Item 4: Uma empresa afirma que 60% dos seus empregados são ligados à produção. Para verificar esta afirmativa, o sindicato decide usar uma amostra de 200 trabalhadores e observa que 105 deles estão ligados à produção. Ao nível de significância de 5% pode-se afirmar que o número de empregados ligados à produção é inferior a 60%.

Classifique, como V ou F, as afirmativas abaixo:

Item 0: Quando o Banco Central está mantendo constante o estoque monetário, a taxa de juros torna-se passiva para garantir o equilíbrio entre demanda monetária e oferta monetária.

Sobre a Teoria de Consumidor é correto afirmar que:

Item 1: A taxa marginal de substituição é decrescente devido à hipótese de que a utilidade marginal é decrescente.

Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 0: A existência de contratos salariais, mesmo que se adote a hipótese de expectativas racionais, faz com que uma política monetária restritiva reduza o produto e o emprego.