Em relação às distribuições de probabilidade pode-se afirmar que:

Item 1: A soma de qui-quadrados independentes tem distribuição qui-quadrado.

Ainda em relação à questão anterior pode-se concluir que, exceto por erro de arredondamento:

Item 0: O erro padrão da estimativa de !$ \alpha !$ é igual a 0,77.

Tendo em vista o Balancete consolidado do Sistema Monetário, classifique V ou F as afirmativas abaixo:

Item 3: Quando um banco compra títulos da dívida pública possuídos pelo público não há criação nem destruição de meios de pagamento.

Tome um modelo de equilíbrio geral com ofertas fixas de dois bens e dois indivíduos, também conhecido como modelo de troca. Considere em concorrência perfeita, onde na situação inicial as curvas de indiferença dos dois indivíduos se cruzam. Nesta situação tem-se que:

Item 0: a caixa de Edgeworth representa as ofertas fixas de cada bem pelos comprimentos de seus lados.

Classifique, como V ou F, as afirmativas abaixo:

Item 4: A renda líquida enviada para o exterior é igual ao saldo da balança de serviços de fatores menos as transferências unilaterais.

Em uma universidade, 30% dos homens e 20% das mulheres estudam matemática. Além disso, 45% dos estudantes são mulheres. Se um estudante é escolhido aleatoriamente:

Item 3: A probabilidade dele não estudar matemática é de 0,65.

Em relação às distribuições de probabilidade pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0: As medidas de localização, média, moda e mediana coincidem na distribuição normal.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As used in the second paragraph:

Item 3: “discernible effect” means “efeito imperceptível”.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As one may infer from the second paragraph:

Item 3: not many authors support the prediction that environmental controls should cause at least a small negative effect on foreign trade.

A demanda mensal de produtos de uma empresa é normalmente distribuída com média de 10 unidades e variância de 64. Se as demandas dos meses se comportam independentemente pode-se afirmar que:

Item 1: A probabilidade de a demanda no 2º trimestre ser inferior a 50 unidades é maior do que 70%.