PART II

Pichon, F. S.A. Vosti, and J. Witcover, “Determinants of Land-Use Practices in the Humid Tropics: Farm-Level Evidence from Ecuador.” The International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, 1992.

Farmers in the humid tropics, it is often suggested, move through roughly the same progression of land-use patterns over time, constrained by a “straitjacket” of ecological determinism. Occupation of forest lands necessarily requires some initial deforestation to establish ownership; using the land for annual food crops meets immediate food needs. As soils deplete, the argument runs, farmers must clear additinal forest for annual crop production, and dedicate previously cleared lands to perennial crops. As soil nutrient levels continue to fall on all cropped land, farmers shift both perennial and annual crops onto more recently deforested lands, leaving initially deforested acres to pasture and/or fallow. In this way, farmers, driven by environmental constraints and survival needs, and the absence of affordable and/or available technology, supposedly have little choice but to encroach more and more on forested land (p.10).

According to the same text:

Item 1 - Fallow follows pasture.

Dados: !$ A = { \begin {bmatrix} 1\,\,\,2\,\,-3\\2\,\,\,\,1\,\,\,\,1\\1\,\,4\,\,-2 \end{bmatrix}},\,\,\,X = { \begin {bmatrix} x\\y\\z \end{bmatrix}},\,\,C= { \begin{bmatrix} 5\\8\\12 \end{bmatrix}} !$ ,decida se é verdadeira ou falsa a afirmação abaixo:

Item 4 - O traço da matriz A é igual a 0.

Dada uma população finita, de tamanho N, e uma amostra aleatória de tamanho n,

Item 2 - !$ \delta^2 !$ multiplicado por !$ { \Large { N \over N-1}} !$ é sempre um estimador não viesado da variância da população.

Considerando um modelo do tipo IS-LM, verifique se é Verdadeira ou Falsa a seguinte afirmação:

Item 1 - O fenômeno do deslocamento (“crowding out”) do investimento privado pelo público, ausente na análise da determinação simples da renda via multiplicador, aparece como uma conseqüência da política fiscal na análise do tipo IS-LM.

PART II

Pichon, F. S.A. Vosti, and J. Witcover, “Determinants of Land-Use Practices in the Humid Tropics: Farm-Level Evidence from Ecuador.” The International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, 1992.

Farmers in the humid tropics, it is often suggested, move through roughly the same progression of land-use patterns over time, constrained by a “straitjacket” of ecological determinism. Occupation of forest lands necessarily requires some initial deforestation to establish ownership; using the land for annual food crops meets immediate food needs. As soils deplete, the argument runs, farmers must clear additinal forest for annual crop production, and dedicate previously cleared lands to perennial crops. As soil nutrient levels continue to fall on all cropped land, farmers shift both perennial and annual crops onto more recently deforested lands, leaving initially deforested acres to pasture and/or fallow. In this way, farmers, driven by environmental constraints and survival needs, and the absence of affordable and/or available technology, supposedly have little choice but to encroach more and more on forested land (p.10).

According to the text:

Item 1 - Ecological determinism may be a “straitjacket” to farmers.

Considerando um modelo do tipo IS-LM, verifique se é Verdadeira ou Falsa a seguinte afirmação:

Item 3 - Quanto maior a sensibilidade do investimento à taxa de juros, mais achatada a curva IS, e menor a eficácia da política monetária para afetar os níveis de renda e emprego.

Com relação à distribuição t, Qui-quadrado e F pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0 - A soma de normais com média 0 e variância 1 dá sempre uma Qui-quadrado.

Public sectors, like attics, need occasional cleaning out. Employment in the public sector gets bloated because of patronage and poor accountability. Productivity can be raised sharply by reviewing labor requirements. The immediate savings - although not always as large as they would be in Brasil, for example, where public firm pay wages far above industry averages - generally are worthwhile in most developing economies. There is also ample room for privatization. Like fashions, ideological fads change, and one can benefit from the mood of the day to sell off steel mills, airlines, or telephone companies - none of which are considered to occupy the commanding heights of capitalism (p.24).

It can be understood in that same text that:

Item 3 - Political sponsorship bears responsibility for excessive public sector hiring.

Public sectors, like attics, need occasional cleaning out. Employment in the public sector gets bloated because of patronage and poor accountability. Productivity can be raised sharply by reviewing labor requirements. The immediate savings - although not always as large as they would be in Brasil, for example, where public firm pay wages far above industry averages - generally are worthwhile in most developing economies. There is also ample room for privatization. Like fashions, ideological fads change, and one can benefit from the mood of the day to sell off steel mills, airlines, or telephone companies - none of which are considered to occupy the commanding heights of capitalism (p.24).

It is implied in the text above that:

Item 2 - The government should clean its attic once in a while.

Considerando o modelo de regressão múltipla

!$ Y_j = \beta_0 + \beta_1 X_{1j} + \beta_2 X_{2j}+ \cdots +\beta_K X_{Kj} + \varepsilon_j !$

pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0 - A análise de variância da regressão testa se todos os coeficientes estimados da regressão !$ ( \hat{ \beta}_j) !$ são significantes simultaneamente.