Se a função de distribuição de uma variável aleatória X é dada por:

!$ F(x) = { \begin{cases} 0\,\,se\,\, x < 0\\{ \large 1 \over 2}\,\,se\,x\,\in[0,1)\\{ \large x \over 2}\,\,se\,x\,\in[1,2]\\1\,\,se\,x>2 \end{cases}} !$

pode-se dizer que:

Item 2 - X assume valores uniformemente no intervalo [1,2].

Dada uma população de 10 elementos, se dela se tirar, com reposição, todas as amostras aleatórias de tamanho três possíveis, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0 -Ter-se-á 720 amostras.

In some aspects, all farmers in the study area inherit a similar situation: the area experiences uniform rainfall (averaging 2,800 millimeters) and temperature (an average 24C) throughout the calendar year, with little geographical differentiation. A sample of farm’s soil quality and topography shows that good soils and flat lands are common in the area (50% of farms had fertile of moderately fertile soil, over 40% were on level land) (p.10).

According to the paragraph above:

Item 4 - There is a marked dry season and a rainy season.

Public sectors, like attics, need occasional cleaning out. Employment in the public sector gets bloated because of patronage and poor accountability. Productivity can be raised sharply by reviewing labor requirements. The immediate savings - although not always as large as they would be in Brasil, for example, where public firm pay wages far above industry averages - generally are worthwhile in most developing economies. There is also ample room for privatization. Like fashions, ideological fads change, and one can benefit from the mood of the day to sell off steel mills, airlines, or telephone companies - none of which are considered to occupy the commanding heights of capitalism (p.24).

It is implied in the text above that:

Item 4 - “Reviewing labor requirements” is an euphemism for the lay off of public servants.

Em relação às distribuições de probabilidade pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0 - A distribuição F é uma razão entre dois t de Student independentes.

In some aspects, all farmers in the study area inherit a similar situation: the area experiences uniform rainfall (averaging 2,800 millimeters) and temperature (an average 24C) throughout the calendar year, with little geographical differentiation. A sample of farm’s soil quality and topography shows that good soils and flat lands are common in the area (50% of farms had fertile of moderately fertile soil, over 40% were on level land) (p.10).

According to the paragraph above:

Item 1 - 40% of the area is on flat land.

Suponha que se tenha usado dados de 12 plantações para estimar a função de produção:

Y = 2,10 + 0,32 X
(0,3) (0,08)

em que Y é medido em toneladas de café por hectare de X em centenas de quilo de fertilizante por hectare. O erro-padrão das estimativas s_b0 e s_b1 são dados entre parênteses.

Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 2 - Para fazer a análise de variância dessa regressão precisa-se conhecer apenas a variação explicada pela regressão um vez que os graus de liberdade já são conhecidos.

The “Lucas critique” became the rallying cry for those young turks intent on destroying the consensus. Defenders of the consensus argued that users of macroeconometric models were already aware of the problem Lucas defined so forcefully, that the models were nonetheless informative if used with care and judgement, and that the Lucas critique was right in principle but not important in practice. These defenses were not heeded.

According to the paragraph above:

Item 2 - Careful attention was paid to the defenders os the consensus.

The breakdown of the Phillips curve and the prescience of Friedman and Phelps made macroeconomics ready for Robert Lucas’ (1976) more comprehensive attack on the consensus view. Lucas contended that many of the empirical relations that make up the large-scale macroeconometric models were no better founded on microeconomic principles than was the Phillips curve. In particular, the decisions that determine most macroeconomic variables, such as consumption and investment, depend crucially on expectations of the future course of the economy. Macroeconometric models treated expectations in a cavalier way, most often resorting to plausible but arbitrary proxies. Lucas pointed out that most policy interventions change the way individuals form expectations about the future. Yet the proxies for expectations used in the macroeconometric models failed to take account of this change in expectation formation. Lucas concluded therefore, that these models should not be used to evaluate the impact of alternative policies.

According to the paragraph above:

Item 1 - Macroeconometric models treated expectations in a supercilius manner.

PART I

Rudiger Dornbusch, Policies to Move from Stabilization to Growth. Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1990, pages 19-48.

The typical stabilization program for an economy emerging from high inflation involves freezing wages and prices and making little fiscal adjustment. For the first month of two this program is successful, partly because expectations of a freeze will have led to prior price hikes. Soon the freeze wears off, however, and the deferred rise in public sector prices, the lifting of export taxes, and real appreciation combine to erode the budget position. Then, in phase two, policy-makers implement tight money. This gives an unsustainable program another few months of life, but of course it also increases public indebtedness sharply. Next, in phase three, the problems with the program become widely perceived, and debtors plead distress due to high real interest rates. When tight money goes, the house of cards collapses; the exchange rate collapses, inflation surges, and real interest rates turn very negative. Soon, another stabilization is under construction, ready for spring, tottering in the summer, and blown away by fall.

The important lesson to draw is this: tight money is not a substitute for a balanced budget. Real interest rates ultimately should be low, and the only way such a situation is sustainable is by basically sound fiscal and real exchange rate policies. Here we note that tight monetary policy is a signal of serious misalignment in the budget, the real exchange rate, or both. Realized real interest rates of 30 or 40 percent, in the presence of domestic debt, soon give rise to fiscal problems (p.26).

According to the text:

Item 0 - Wage and price freezes are indispensabel features of successful stabilization programs.