READ TEXT I AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXTO I

What makes a successful business person?
Business people who are tops in their field have a lot in common, and art professionals can learn a lot from their successes and strategies

By Murray Raphel

I have a theory on doing business. If my business is good, it’s not because of the weather, the time of year or the economy. It’s because of me. I’m doing something right. If my business is bad, it’s not because of the weather, the time of the year or the economy. It’s because of me. I’m doing something wrong. Somebody is always buying something from somebody, so how can I make them buy from me?

First of all, you need confidence in yourself and your merchandise with clear goals and knowledge of the products you are selling. Only then can you inspire dedication from your staff and a willingness to buy from customers.

Successful business people, no matter what their industry, have been found to share similar traits. Today’s world is no longer satisfied with simply success – we want to know how the successful get to the top. The Russians developed a concept called “anthropomaximology,” in which they try to answer the question of why some individuals outperform others. Through the years I’ve done some anthropomaximology of my own and found there are certain qualities that describe successful business people. Here are a few:

1) They constantly set higher goals.

Successful business people are mountain climbers who, having climbed one peak, look beyond to the next highest. They are the retailers who send 1,500 mailers to their customers and yield a good turnout of 100. But instead of being satisfied with 100, they ask how they can increase that number to 150 the next time. […]

2) They avoid “comfort zones”

To a successful person, standing still feels like going backwards. People who stay in their comfort zones do what they did before because it’s “the way we’ve always done it:”[…] They blame any lack of business on the weather, the time of the year, the economy – anything except for themselves. […]

3) They rehearse the future as they see it

“I believe our future is a one-stop shop for decorating. In addition to limited-edition prints and posters, we now offer collectibles, gift items and small occasional furniture pieces,” said Christine Knoll of the Art Gallery of Hog Hollow in Chesterfield, Mo. Successful people move towards the pictures they create in their mind. They can rehearse coming actions or events as they “see” them. […]

Many successful athletes will say they practice “seeing” themselves winning the race, hitting the home run or scoring the touchdown. They actually visualize a future event which gives them the impetus to achieve the goal. […]

Source: <www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_

m0HMU/is_9_30/ ai_108785318/pg_2/?tag=content;col1> Acesso em: 21/07/2010.

The word “anthropomaximology” is used to refer to

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXTO I

What makes a successful business person?
Business people who are tops in their field have a lot in common, and art professionals can learn a lot from their successes and strategies

By Murray Raphel

I have a theory on doing business. If my business is good, it’s not because of the weather, the time of year or the economy. It’s because of me. I’m doing something right. If my business is bad, it’s not because of the weather, the time of the year or the economy. It’s because of me. I’m doing something wrong. Somebody is always buying something from somebody, so how can I make them buy from me?

First of all, you need confidence in yourself and your merchandise with clear goals and knowledge of the products you are selling. Only then can you inspire dedication from your staff and a willingness to buy from customers.

Successful business people, no matter what their industry, have been found to share similar traits. Today’s world is no longer satisfied with simply success – we want to know how the successful get to the top. The Russians developed a concept called “anthropomaximology,” in which they try to answer the question of why some individuals outperform others. Through the years I’ve done some anthropomaximology of my own and found there are certain qualities that describe successful business people. Here are a few:

1) They constantly set higher goals.

Successful business people are mountain climbers who, having climbed one peak, look beyond to the next highest. They are the retailers who send 1,500 mailers to their customers and yield a good turnout of 100. But instead of being satisfied with 100, they ask how they can increase that number to 150 the next time. […]

2) They avoid “comfort zones”

To a successful person, standing still feels like going backwards. People who stay in their comfort zones do what they did before because it’s “the way we’ve always done it:”[…] They blame any lack of business on the weather, the time of the year, the economy – anything except for themselves. […]

3) They rehearse the future as they see it

“I believe our future is a one-stop shop for decorating. In addition to limited-edition prints and posters, we now offer collectibles, gift items and small occasional furniture pieces,” said Christine Knoll of the Art Gallery of Hog Hollow in Chesterfield, Mo. Successful people move towards the pictures they create in their mind. They can rehearse coming actions or events as they “see” them. […]

Many successful athletes will say they practice “seeing” themselves winning the race, hitting the home run or scoring the touchdown. They actually visualize a future event which gives them the impetus to achieve the goal. […]

Source: <www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_

m0HMU/is_9_30/ ai_108785318/pg_2/?tag=content;col1> Acesso em: 21/07/2010.

In the sentence “Only then can you inspire dedication from your staff”, the underlined word can be replaced without a change in meaning by

READ TEXT III AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXTO III

Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants

By Marc Prensky

What should we call these “new” students of today? Some refer to them as the N-[for Net]-gen or D-[for digital]-gen. But the most useful designation I have found for them is Digital Natives. Our students today are all “native speakers” of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet.

So what does that make the rest of us? Those of us who were not born into the digital world but have, at some later point in our lives, become fascinated by and adopted many or most aspects of the new technology are, and always will be compared to them, Digital Immigrants.

The importance of the distinction is this: As Digital Immigrants learn – like all immigrants, some better than others – to adapt to their environment, they always retain, to some degree, their “accent,” that is, their foot in the past. The “digital immigrant accent” can be seen in such things as turning to the Internet for information second rather than first, or in reading the manual for a program rather than assuming that the program itself will teach us to use it. Today’s older folk were “socialized” differently from their kids, and are now in the process of learning a new language. And a language learned later in life, scientists tell us, goes into a different part of the brain.

There are hundreds of examples of the digital immigrant accent. They include printing out your email (or having your secretary print it out for you – an even “thicker” accent); needing to print out a document written on the computer in order to edit it (rather than just editing on the screen); and bringing people physically into your office to see an interesting web site (rather than just sending them the URL). I’m sure you can think of one or two examples of your own without much effort. My own favorite example is the “Did you get my email?” phone call. Those of us who are Digital Immigrants can, and should, laugh at ourselves and our “accent.”

But this is not just a joke. It’s very serious, because the single biggest problem facing education today is that our Digital Immigrant instructors, who speak an outdated language (that of the pre-digital age), are struggling to teach a population that speaks an entirely new language. This is obvious to the Digital Natives – school often feels pretty much as if we’ve brought in a population of heavily accented, unintelligible foreigners to lecture them. They often can’t understand what the Immigrants are saying.

Source: Prensky, M. On the Horizon. MCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5, October 2001

According to the text, who can be called Digital Natives?

READ TEXT III AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXTO III

Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants

By Marc Prensky

What should we call these “new” students of today? Some refer to them as the N-[for Net]-gen or D-[for digital]-gen. But the most useful designation I have found for them is Digital Natives. Our students today are all “native speakers” of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet.

So what does that make the rest of us? Those of us who were not born into the digital world but have, at some later point in our lives, become fascinated by and adopted many or most aspects of the new technology are, and always will be compared to them, Digital Immigrants.

The importance of the distinction is this: As Digital Immigrants learn – like all immigrants, some better than others – to adapt to their environment, they always retain, to some degree, their “accent,” that is, their foot in the past. The “digital immigrant accent” can be seen in such things as turning to the Internet for information second rather than first, or in reading the manual for a program rather than assuming that the program itself will teach us to use it. Today’s older folk were “socialized” differently from their kids, and are now in the process of learning a new language. And a language learned later in life, scientists tell us, goes into a different part of the brain.

There are hundreds of examples of the digital immigrant accent. They include printing out your email (or having your secretary print it out for you – an even “thicker” accent); needing to print out a document written on the computer in order to edit it (rather than just editing on the screen); and bringing people physically into your office to see an interesting web site (rather than just sending them the URL). I’m sure you can think of one or two examples of your own without much effort. My own favorite example is the “Did you get my email?” phone call. Those of us who are Digital Immigrants can, and should, laugh at ourselves and our “accent.”

But this is not just a joke. It’s very serious, because the single biggest problem facing education today is that our Digital Immigrant instructors, who speak an outdated language (that of the pre-digital age), are struggling to teach a population that speaks an entirely new language. This is obvious to the Digital Natives – school often feels pretty much as if we’ve brought in a population of heavily accented, unintelligible foreigners to lecture them. They often can’t understand what the Immigrants are saying.

Source: Prensky, M. On the Horizon. MCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5, October 2001

The words native, lives, reading, and without, are respectively presented in text as

Os legisladores e o Verbo Divino

Cláudio de Moura e Castro

Pensemos na seguinte situação. Três pessoas estão em uma sala, prontas para devorar uma travessa de comida. E eis que chegam mais três. Será preciso deitar água no feijão, para dividi-lo entre os comensais. Todos comem feijão aguado. Os mesmos três estão ouvindo um cantor, quando irrompem mais três na sala. Mas agora é diferente, ninguém ouve ou vê menos pela presença dos outros. Não há do que privar-se, pois ninguém “come” o som e a imagem dos outros. Se continuar a chegar gente, acabarão todos se acotovelando e cochichos atrapalharão o deleite da música. Mas quantos serão, a ponto de reduzir o prazer da cantoria? Obviamente, isso dependerá do tamanho da sala, do formato, da acústica, do volume da voz e se há amplificação, entre outros fatores. Não há um número mágico.

Esse experimento abstrato pode ser comparado a uma sala de aula. Quando chegam mais alunos, não é como o caso do feijão aguado. Pelo contrário, é semelhante ao do cantor. Mais gente na sala não prejudica o aprendizado. E não é preciso muita imaginação para concluir que aulas maiores custam menos, economizando recursos, vantagem nada trivial. No primeiro ano de Harvard, muitas aulas são em anfiteatros, com todos os 400 alunos iniciantes. O curso de introdução à economia, em Berkeley, tinha 1200. Se essa fórmula fosse tão ruim, Harvard não seria a melhor universidade do mundo e Berkeley, a melhor pública. As salas do ensino médio coreano tinham mais de sessenta alunos. Mesmo assim, a Coreia já possuía um excelente sistema educativo. No Brasil, temos o exemplo dos cursinhos, operando com salas enormes. Para a maioria dos alunos, é o melhor ensino que jamais experimentarão.

A realidade é ainda mais turva. Pergunte-se ao público se prefere ouvir Caetano Veloso em uma sala com 100 espectadores ou um cantor menor, em uma sala com 35. Pergunte-se aos alunos se preferem um grande professor, em uma sala enorme, ou um medíocre, em uma salinha de 35 lugares. Em ambos os casos, a resposta é a mesma e óbvia. Para os puristas, se há muitos alunos, dilui-se a interação deles com o professor. É um argumento sério, sempre e quando tal interação for praticada. Mas isso é raríssimo, qualquer que seja o tamanho da sala. Tais perplexidades atraíram muitos estudos, na tentativa de determinar o impacto do tamanho da sala de aula sobre o aprendizado. De fato, esse é um dos temas mais pesquisados, com medidas cuidadosas e grupos de controle. São centenas de pesquisas, tantas que não mais se justifica fazer outras. E o que nos dizem? Simplesmente, com a única exceção constituída pelos alunos pobres dos anos iniciais, não há nenhuma associação entre o tamanho da sala e o nível de aprendizado. Infere-se que os casos de interação aluno- professor são raríssimos. Desde que se possa ver e ouvir o mestre, pôr ou tirar alunos não afeta o rendimento. É leviano negar o que diz a avalanche de pesquisas. Entendamos, os resultados descrevem o coletivo das escolas.

Tais análises não avaliam métodos eficazes que requerem poucos alunos. Isso porque sua superioridade não pode ser medida se quem os adota está perdido em um mundão de escolas tradicionais. A própria definição de tamanho de sala vai se esfarelando. Imaginemos um colégio com professores excelentes dando aulas em salas com sessenta estudantes. Depois, grupos de dez alunos se reúnem com professores mais jovens para discutir os assuntos da aula. Além disso, os alunos fazem duas disciplinas a distância, uma delas com um tutor por 500 alunos e outra, totalmente informatizada (relação aluno/professor = infinito). Quantos professores por aluno há nessa escola? Desde que temos Ideb e Enem, o tema é irrelevante. Se o estudante aprendeu, pouco importa como funciona a sala de aula. Pois não é que o nosso Legislativo, com uma pauta atolada de problemas angustiantes, se mete a legislar sobre o número de alunos na sala de aula? Pela proposta em discussão, no ensino médio, não será possível ultrapassar o número mágico de 35. Deve ser uma cifra que, em sua infinita magnificência, Deus revelou aos legisladores, pois de nenhuma pesquisa saiu.

Revista Veja, edição 2.299, p. 28.

A expressão “devorar uma travessa de comida” é um exemplo de figura de

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXTO I

What makes a successful business person?
Business people who are tops in their field have a lot in common, and art professionals can learn a lot from their successes and strategies

By Murray Raphel

I have a theory on doing business. If my business is good, it’s not because of the weather, the time of year or the economy. It’s because of me. I’m doing something right. If my business is bad, it’s not because of the weather, the time of the year or the economy. It’s because of me. I’m doing something wrong. Somebody is always buying something from somebody, so how can I make them buy from me?

First of all, you need confidence in yourself and your merchandise with clear goals and knowledge of the products you are selling. Only then can you inspire dedication from your staff and a willingness to buy from customers.

Successful business people, no matter what their industry, have been found to share similar traits. Today’s world is no longer satisfied with simply success – we want to know how the successful get to the top. The Russians developed a concept called “anthropomaximology,” in which they try to answer the question of why some individuals outperform others. Through the years I’ve done some anthropomaximology of my own and found there are certain qualities that describe successful business people. Here are a few:

1) They constantly set higher goals.

Successful business people are mountain climbers who, having climbed one peak, look beyond to the next highest. They are the retailers who send 1,500 mailers to their customers and yield a good turnout of 100. But instead of being satisfied with 100, they ask how they can increase that number to 150 the next time. […]

2) They avoid “comfort zones”

To a successful person, standing still feels like going backwards. People who stay in their comfort zones do what they did before because it’s “the way we’ve always done it:”[…] They blame any lack of business on the weather, the time of the year, the economy – anything except for themselves. […]

3) They rehearse the future as they see it

“I believe our future is a one-stop shop for decorating. In addition to limited-edition prints and posters, we now offer collectibles, gift items and small occasional furniture pieces,” said Christine Knoll of the Art Gallery of Hog Hollow in Chesterfield, Mo. Successful people move towards the pictures they create in their mind. They can rehearse coming actions or events as they “see” them. […]

Many successful athletes will say they practice “seeing” themselves winning the race, hitting the home run or scoring the touchdown. They actually visualize a future event which gives them the impetus to achieve the goal. […]

Source: <www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_

m0HMU/is_9_30/ ai_108785318/pg_2/?tag=content;col1> Acesso em: 21/07/2010.

The underlined words:

•If my business is good;
•Successful business people ;
•How the successful get to the top;
•Many successful athletes

are grammatically and respectively used as

Os legisladores e o Verbo Divino

Cláudio de Moura e Castro

Pensemos na seguinte situação. Três pessoas estão em uma sala, prontas para devorar uma travessa de comida. E eis que chegam mais três. Será preciso deitar água no feijão, para dividi-lo entre os comensais. Todos comem feijão aguado. Os mesmos três estão ouvindo um cantor, quando irrompem mais três na sala. Mas agora é diferente, ninguém ouve ou vê menos pela presença dos outros. Não há do que privar-se, pois ninguém “come” o som e a imagem dos outros. Se continuar a chegar gente, acabarão todos se acotovelando e cochichos atrapalharão o deleite da música. Mas quantos serão, a ponto de reduzir o prazer da cantoria? Obviamente, isso dependerá do tamanho da sala, do formato, da acústica, do volume da voz e se há amplificação, entre outros fatores. Não há um número mágico.

Esse experimento abstrato pode ser comparado a uma sala de aula. Quando chegam mais alunos, não é como o caso do feijão aguado. Pelo contrário, é semelhante ao do cantor. Mais gente na sala não prejudica o aprendizado. E não é preciso muita imaginação para concluir que aulas maiores custam menos, economizando recursos, vantagem nada trivial. No primeiro ano de Harvard, muitas aulas são em anfiteatros, com todos os 400 alunos iniciantes. O curso de introdução à economia, em Berkeley, tinha 1200. Se essa fórmula fosse tão ruim, Harvard não seria a melhor universidade do mundo e Berkeley, a melhor pública. As salas do ensino médio coreano tinham mais de sessenta alunos. Mesmo assim, a Coreia já possuía um excelente sistema educativo. No Brasil, temos o exemplo dos cursinhos, operando com salas enormes. Para a maioria dos alunos, é o melhor ensino que jamais experimentarão.

A realidade é ainda mais turva. Pergunte-se ao público se prefere ouvir Caetano Veloso em uma sala com 100 espectadores ou um cantor menor, em uma sala com 35. Pergunte-se aos alunos se preferem um grande professor, em uma sala enorme, ou um medíocre, em uma salinha de 35 lugares. Em ambos os casos, a resposta é a mesma e óbvia. Para os puristas, se há muitos alunos, dilui-se a interação deles com o professor. É um argumento sério, sempre e quando tal interação for praticada. Mas isso é raríssimo, qualquer que seja o tamanho da sala. Tais perplexidades atraíram muitos estudos, na tentativa de determinar o impacto do tamanho da sala de aula sobre o aprendizado. De fato, esse é um dos temas mais pesquisados, com medidas cuidadosas e grupos de controle. São centenas de pesquisas, tantas que não mais se justifica fazer outras. E o que nos dizem? Simplesmente, com a única exceção constituída pelos alunos pobres dos anos iniciais, não há nenhuma associação entre o tamanho da sala e o nível de aprendizado. Infere-se que os casos de interação aluno- professor são raríssimos. Desde que se possa ver e ouvir o mestre, pôr ou tirar alunos não afeta o rendimento. É leviano negar o que diz a avalanche de pesquisas. Entendamos, os resultados descrevem o coletivo das escolas.

Tais análises não avaliam métodos eficazes que requerem poucos alunos. Isso porque sua superioridade não pode ser medida se quem os adota está perdido em um mundão de escolas tradicionais. A própria definição de tamanho de sala vai se esfarelando. Imaginemos um colégio com professores excelentes dando aulas em salas com sessenta estudantes. Depois, grupos de dez alunos se reúnem com professores mais jovens para discutir os assuntos da aula. Além disso, os alunos fazem duas disciplinas a distância, uma delas com um tutor por 500 alunos e outra, totalmente informatizada (relação aluno/professor = infinito). Quantos professores por aluno há nessa escola? Desde que temos Ideb e Enem, o tema é irrelevante. Se o estudante aprendeu, pouco importa como funciona a sala de aula. Pois não é que o nosso Legislativo, com uma pauta atolada de problemas angustiantes, se mete a legislar sobre o número de alunos na sala de aula? Pela proposta em discussão, no ensino médio, não será possível ultrapassar o número mágico de 35. Deve ser uma cifra que, em sua infinita magnificência, Deus revelou aos legisladores, pois de nenhuma pesquisa saiu.

Revista Veja, edição 2.299, p. 28.

O prefixo presente em irrelevante apresenta o mesmo valor semântico do prefixo presente em

READ TEXT III AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXTO III

Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants

By Marc Prensky

What should we call these “new” students of today? Some refer to them as the N-[for Net]-gen or D-[for digital]-gen. But the most useful designation I have found for them is Digital Natives. Our students today are all “native speakers” of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet.

So what does that make the rest of us? Those of us who were not born into the digital world but have, at some later point in our lives, become fascinated by and adopted many or most aspects of the new technology are, and always will be compared to them, Digital Immigrants.

The importance of the distinction is this: As Digital Immigrants learn – like all immigrants, some better than others – to adapt to their environment, they always retain, to some degree, their “accent,” that is, their foot in the past. The “digital immigrant accent” can be seen in such things as turning to the Internet for information second rather than first, or in reading the manual for a program rather than assuming that the program itself will teach us to use it. Today’s older folk^(I) were “socialized” differently from their kids, and are now in the process of learning a new language. And a language learned later in life, scientists tell us, goes into a different part of the brain.

There are hundreds of examples of the digital immigrant accent. They include printing out your email (or having your secretary print it out for you – an even “thicker” accent)^(II); needing to print out a document written on the computer in order to edit it (rather than just editing on the screen); and bringing people physically into your office to see an interesting web site (rather than just sending them the URL). I’m sure you can think of one or two examples of your own without much effort. My own favorite example is the “Did you get my email?” phone call. Those of us who are Digital Immigrants can, and should, laugh at ourselves and our “accent.”

But this is not just a joke. It’s very serious, because the single biggest problem facing education today is that our Digital Immigrant instructors, who speak an outdated language (that of the pre-digital age), are struggling to teach a population that speaks an entirely new language. This is obvious to the Digital Natives – school often feels pretty much as if we’ve brought in a population of heavily accented, unintelligible foreigners to lecture them. They often can’t understand what the Immigrants are saying.

Source: Prensky, M. On the Horizon. MCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5, October 2001

READ TEXT III AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXTO III

Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants

By Marc Prensky

What should we call these “new” students of today? Some refer to them as the N-[for Net]-gen or D-[for digital]-gen. But the most useful⁽¹⁾ designation I have found for them is Digital Natives. Our students today are all “native speakers” of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet.

So what does that make the rest of us? Those of us who were not born into the digital world but have, at some later point in our lives, become fascinated⁽²⁾ by and adopted many or most aspects of the new technology are, and always will be compared to them, Digital Immigrants.

The importance of the distinction is this: As Digital Immigrants learn – like all immigrants, some better than others – to adapt to their environment, they always retain, to some degree, their “accent,” that is, their foot in the past. The “digital immigrant accent” can be seen in such things as turning to the Internet for information second rather than first, or in reading the manual for a program rather than assuming that the program itself will teach us to use it. Today’s older folk were “socialized” differently from their kids, and are now in the process of learning a new language. And a language learned later in life, scientists tell us, goes into a different part of the brain.

There are hundreds of examples of the digital immigrant accent. They include printing out your email (or having your secretary print it out for you – an even “thicker” accent); needing to print out a document written on the computer in order to edit it (rather than just editing on the screen); and bringing people physically into your office to see an interesting web site (rather than just sending them the URL). I’m sure you can think of one or two examples of your own without much effort. My own favorite example is the “Did you get my email?” phone call. Those of us who are Digital Immigrants can, and should, laugh at ourselves and our “accent.”

But this is not just a joke. It’s very serious, because the single biggest problem facing education today is that our Digital Immigrant instructors, who speak an outdated⁽³⁾ language (that of the pre-digital age), are struggling to teach a population that speaks an entirely new language. This is obvious to the Digital Natives – school often feels pretty much as if we’ve brought in a population of heavily accented, unintelligible⁽⁵⁾ foreigners to lecture them. They often can’t understand what the Immigrants are saying.

Source: Prensky, M. On the Horizon. MCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5, October 2001

Given the words extracted from the text, match them with their respective synonyms.