ESPERANÇAS

Exame, julho de 2012.

O emprego deve crescer de forma consistente este ano. As indústrias automobilística, têxtil, gráfica, mecânica e eletrônica e os setores de telecomunicações, telemarketing, supermercados, micro e pequenas empresas devem contratar cerca de 300 mil trabalhadores até dezembro. Esses setores são os prováveis campeões na criação de vagas, mas vários outros também vão contratar. No setor público estão programados concursos para o preenchimento de três mil vagas, mas a contratação só vai ocorrer depois de 1º de janeiro.

A primeira frase do texto – publicado em julho de 2012 - fala que o emprego deve crescer de forma consistente “este ano”; com essa expressão, o autor do texto se refere:

TEXT II

Communicative language teaching

Communicative language teaching rose to prominence in the 1970s and early 1980s as a result of many disparate developments in both Europe and the United States. First, there was an increased demand for language learning, particularly in Europe. The advent of the European Common Market led to widespread European migration, and consequently there was a large population of people who needed to learn a foreign language for work or for personal reasons. At the same time, children were increasingly able to learn foreign languages in school. The number of secondary schools offering languages rose worldwide in the 1960s and 1970s as part of a general trend of curriculum-broadening and modernization, and foreign-language study ceased to be confined to the elite academies. In Britain, the introduction of comprehensive schools meant that almost all children had the opportunity to study foreign languages.

This increased demand put pressure on educators to change their teaching methods. Traditional methods such as grammar translation assumed that students were aiming for mastery of the target language, and that students were willing to study for years before expecting to use the language in real life. However, these assumptions were challenged by adult learners who were busy with work, and by schoolchildren who were less academically able. Educators realized that to motivate these students an approach with a more immediate payoff was necessary.

The trend of progressivism in education provided a further pressure for educators to change their methods. Progressivism holds that active learning is more effective than passive learning, and as this idea gained traction in schools there was a general shift towards using techniques where students were more actively involved, such as group work. Foreign-language education was no exception to this trend, and teachers sought to find new methods that could better embody this shift in thinking.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_language_teaching)

The expression “early 1980s” dates back to the: