Com respeito às distribuições teóricas de probabilidade pode-se afirmar que:

Item 4: É correto utilizar a distribuição de Poisson para aproximar a binomial qualquer que seja o tamanho de n (tamanho da amostra) e p (probabilidade de sucesso).

Dada uma função de produção homogênea é correto afirmar que:

Item 3: A elasticidade de substituição entre os fatores é constante e igual a um.

A capacidade de produção instalada (Y), em toneladas, de uma firma, pode ser função da potência instalada (X), em 1000kW, ou da área construída (Z) em 100m^{2 .}

Dados:

!$ \sum X = 38 !$, !$ \sum Y = 80 !$, !$ \sum Z = 100 !$, !$ \sum X^2 = 182 !$

!$ \sum y^2 = 736 !$, !$ \sum z^2 = 1048 !$, !$ \sum XY = 361 !$, !$ \sum YZ = 848 !$

Sendo n = 10, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0: Ao fazer uma regressão da capacidade de produção instalada em função da potência instalada (Y = !$ \alpha !$ + !$ \beta !$X) obtém-se como estimativas de !$ \alpha !$ e !$ \beta !$, 2,24 e 1,52, respectivamente.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 3: “passing new pollution control measures” can be understood as “medidas de controle da poluição do passado”.

O preço X de um produto é considerado uma variável aleatória com função densidade de probabilidade dada por:

f(x) = !$ \begin{cases} kx^3 se 1 \ge x \ge 3; \\ 0 \, para \, qualquer \, outro \, valor \, de \, x \end{cases} !$

onde k é uma constante positiva. Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 2: A probabilidade do preço ser menor que 1,2 é maior do que 0,5%.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 0: “passing new pollution control measures” can be understood as “aprovação de novas medidas de controle da poluição”.

Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 3: A função da oferta de Lucas é um aperfeiçoamento do modelo clássico, pois com a hipótese de expectativas racionais as variações previstas da oferta monetária não terão efeito sobre o produto real, mesmo que os preços não sejam flexíveis.

Dada a equação !$ { \large d_y \over d_t} = - 0,5 y + 10 !$, indique se as afirmativas abaixo são verdadeiras ou falsas.

Item 2: Sabemos que o valor y(0) é maior que o valor de equilíbrio.

Supondo uma função de produção dada por q = aL^bK^c, onde a, b e c são constantes positivas, L representa o fator trabalho e K representa o fator capital:

Item 0: Os custos médios de curto prazo serão crescentes.

Considere uma amostra aleatória !$ y_1 !$, ....., !$ y_n !$ de uma variável normal Y de média !$ μ !$ e variância !$ σ^2 !$. Definem-se os seguintes estimadores:

!$ y = { \large \sum yi \over n} !$, !$ s^2 = { \large \sum (yi - y)^2 \over n} !$

Pode-se então afirmar que:

Item 2: y é um estimador não tendencioso de !$ μ !$ e de variância mínima.