Public sectors, like attics, need occasional cleaning out. Employment in the public sector gets bloated because of patronage and poor accountability. Productivity can be raised sharply by reviewing labor requirements. The immediate savings - although not always as large as they would be in Brasil, for example, where public firm pay wages far above industry averages - generally are worthwhile in most developing economies. There is also ample room for privatization. Like fashions, ideological fads change, and one can benefit from the mood of the day to sell off steel mills, airlines, or telephone companies - none of which are considered to occupy the commanding heights of capitalism (p.24).

It is implied in the text above that:

Item 3 - The public sector in most developing countries tends to get bloated with excess employees.

Uma economia aberta com taxa nominal de câmbio fixa, expectativa de desenvolvimento cambial igual a zero e salários nominais rígidos para baixo funciona de acordo com o modelo IS-LM. Suas transações com o exterior são caracterizadas por:

Importações: dependem da taxa de câmbio - quanto mais desvalorizada (ceteris paribus), menores as importações - e do nível de produto - quanto maior o produto, maiores as importações, sendo a propensão marginal a importar menos que a propensão marginal a consumir.

Exportações: dependem apenas da taxa de câmbio - quanto mais desvalorizada, maiores as exportações.

Movimento de Capitais Autônomos: depende apenas do diferencial de taxas de juros: se a taxa de juros interna for superior à externa, há entrada líquida de capitais; se for inferior, há saída.

Isto posto, responda Verdadeiro ou Falso:

Item 3 - Com mobilidade de capitais perfeita, a política fiscal tem efeito sobre o produto.

Com relação à distribuição t, Qui-quadrado e F pode-se afirmar que:

Item 3 - A distribuição t de n graus de liberdade coincide com a de F com 1 e n graus de liberdade.

Public sectors, like attics, need occasional cleaning out. Employment in the public sector gets bloated because of patronage and poor accountability. Productivity can be raised sharply by reviewing labor requirements. The immediate savings - although not always as large as they would be in Brasil, for example, where public firm pay wages far above industry averages - generally are worthwhile in most developing economies. There is also ample room for privatization. Like fashions, ideological fads change, and one can benefit from the mood of the day to sell off steel mills, airlines, or telephone companies - none of which are considered to occupy the commanding heights of capitalism (p.24).

It is implied in the text above that:

Item 0 - The government should sell off its steel mills, airlines and telephone companies because they no longer occupy the commanding heights of capitalism.

PART I

Rudiger Dornbusch, Policies to Move from Stabilization to Growth. Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1990, pages 19-48.

The typical stabilization program for an economy emerging from high inflation involves freezing wages and prices and making little fiscal adjustment. For the first month of two this program is successful, partly because expectations of a freeze will have led to prior price hikes. Soon the freeze wears off, however, and the deferred rise in public sector prices, the lifting of export taxes, and real appreciation combine to erode the budget position. Then, in phase two, policy-makers implement tight money. This gives an unsustainable program another few months of life, but of course it also increases public indebtedness sharply. Next, in phase three, the problems with the program become widely perceived, and debtors plead distress due to high real interest rates. When tight money goes, the house of cards collapses; the exchange rate collapses, inflation surges, and real interest rates turn very negative. Soon, another stabilization is under construction, ready for spring, tottering in the summer, and blown away by fall.

The important lesson to draw is this: tight money is not a substitute for a balanced budget. Real interest rates ultimately should be low, and the only way such a situation is sustainable is by basically sound fiscal and real exchange rate policies. Here we note that tight monetary policy is a signal of serious misalignment in the budget, the real exchange rate, or both. Realized real interest rates of 30 or 40 percent, in the presence of domestic debt, soon give rise to fiscal problems (p.26).

Still according to the same text:

Item 0- Sound fiscal and exchange rate policies makes it possible for interest rates to be maintained at low levels on a sustainable basis.

PART II

Pichon, F. S.A. Vosti, and J. Witcover, “Determinants of Land-Use Practices in the Humid Tropics: Farm-Level Evidence from Ecuador.” The International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, 1992.

Farmers in the humid tropics, it is often suggested, move through roughly the same progression of land-use patterns over time, constrained by a “straitjacket” of ecological determinism. Occupation of forest lands necessarily requires some initial deforestation to establish ownership; using the land for annual food crops meets immediate food needs. As soils deplete, the argument runs, farmers must clear additinal forest for annual crop production, and dedicate previously cleared lands to perennial crops. As soil nutrient levels continue to fall on all cropped land, farmers shift both perennial and annual crops onto more recently deforested lands, leaving initially deforested acres to pasture and/or fallow. In this way, farmers, driven by environmental constraints and survival needs, and the absence of affordable and/or available technology, supposedly have little choice but to encroach more and more on forested land (p.10).

According to the same text:

Item 4 - Available farming technologies are not affordable.

Indique quais das afirmativas abaixo sobre a equação y² - x² = 1 se é verdadeira ou falsa:

Item 1 - O gráfico da equação dada intercepta o eixo Ox nos pontos (0,0) e (0,-2).

PART III

N. Gregory Mankiw, “A Quick Refresher Course in Macroeconomics.” Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXVIII (December 1990), pp.1645-1600.

The consensus in macroeconomics that prevailed until the early 1970s faltered because of two flaws, one empirical and one theoretical. The empirical flaw was that the consensus view could not adequately cope with the rising rates of inflation and unemployment experienced during the 1970s. The theoretical flaw was that the consensus view left a chasm between microeconomic principles and macroeconomic practice that was too great to be intellectually satisfying.

In the text above:

Item 3 - There was an unacceptable gap between micro and macroeconomics.

A função utilidade de um trabalhador U(x,1), depende do consumo de um bem x e lazer 1. Este último é definido como a quantidade de horas disponíveis para o trabalho que o indivíduo não vende no mercado. Se um aumento da taxa de salário resulta em uma diminuição na quantidade de trabalho que ele está disposto a vender no mercado então:

Item 2 -o efeito substituição entre o bem x e o bem 1 é maior que o efeito renda.

Uma firma oligopolística tem um custo variável médio igual a Cm = 20$, constante para um intervalo de produção entre 200 e 1.000 unidades. O valor do estoque de capital investidos na firma é igual a $100.000. Para determinar o seu preço de venda, esta firma fixa uma taxa de mark-up m sobre o custo variável médio da seguinte forma:

P = (1 + m)Cm. Desta maneira:

Item 0 - a taxa de retorno do capital é 10% para uma produção de 1.000 unidades e uma taxa de mark-up igual a 50%.