Seja X uma variável aleatória com distribuição de probabilidade que dependa do parâmetro desconhecido !$ θ !$, tal que !$ E(X) = θ !$. Seja também x₁, x₂, ..., x_n uma amostra aleatória de X.

Item 1 - Se !$ \hatθ = \sum\limits_{i=1}^n c_ix_i !$ é um estimador de !$ θ !$, este não será viciado desde que !$ \sum\limits_{i=1}^n c_i = 1 !$. Além do mais, !$ \hatθ !$ terá variância mínima se !$ c_i = 1/n !$ para todo !$ i !$.

Indique se a proposição está certo ou errado:

Item 2 - Em uma economia fechada em que a função LM seja positivamente inclinada, quanto maior for a elasticidade do investimento à taxa de juros, maior será o efeito de uma variação de preços sobre a demanda agregada.

Pode-se afirmar sobre o modelo de regressão linear clássico !$ y_t = \beta_1 + \beta_2 x_t + u_t !$

Item 1 - Na presença de heterocedasticidade, o estimador de MQO é viesado e não se pode confiar nos procedimentos de testes usuais (F e t), já que o estimador além de viesado, é ineficiente.

Indique se a seguinte consideração sobre a teoria dos testes de hipótese está certo ou errado.

Item 4 - No teste de hipótese para a média !$ (H_0: μ = 0 \ contra \ H_a: μ ≠ 0) !$, ao nível de significância !$ \alpha !$, se o intervalo de confiança com !$ 1-\alpha !$ de probabilidade não contiver !$ μ = 0 !$, não se poderá rejeitar !$ H_0 !$.

BASED ON YOUR INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT THAT FOLLOWS, DETERMINE IF EVERY STATEMENT IS RIGHT OR WRONG.

FIRST TEXT

At length, in 1776, our illustrious countryman, Adam Smith, published the “Wealth of Nations” – a work which has done for Political Economy what the Essay of Locke did for the philosophy of mind. In this work, the science was, for the first time, treated in its fullest extent; and the fundamental principles on which the production of wealth depends, established beyond the reach of cavil and dispute. In opposition to the Economists, Dr. Smith has shown that labor is the only source of wealth, and that the wish to augment our fortunes and to rise in the world – a wish that comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us till we go into the grave – is the cause of wealth being saved and accumulated: he has shown that labor is productive of wealth when employed in manufactures and commerce, as well as when it is employed in the cultivation of the land; he has traced the various means by which labor may be rendered most effective; and has given a most admirable analysis and exposition of the prodigious addition made to its powers by its division among different individuals and countries, and by the employment of accumulated wealth, or capital, in industrious undertakings. He has also shown, in opposition to the commonly received opinions of the merchants, politicians, and statesmen of his time, that wealth does not consist in the abundance of gold and silver, but enjoyments of human life; that it is in every case sound policy to leave individuals to pursue their own interest in their own way; that in prosecuting branches of industry advantageous to themselves, they necessarily prosecute such as are, at the same time, advantageous to the public; and that every regulation intended to force industry into particular channels, or to determine the species of commercial intercourse to be carried on between countries, is impolitic and pernicious – injurious to the rights of individuals – and adverse to the progress of real opulence and lasting prosperity.

J. R. McCulloch, on Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire from The Principles of Political Economy, 1830. Reprinted

in: Charles Dickens, Hard Times. W.W. Norton & Co, 1990: 318-319.

The text permits us to conclude that:

Item 4 - The “Wealth of Nations” was published in installments during the year of 1776.

A despeito do sucesso que teve em controlar a inflação, o Plano Real enfrentou alguns problemas. Com relação a estes, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 2 - A depreciação inicial do real teve efeitos negativos sobre as importações, ameaçando o abastecimento e gerando pressões sobre preços. Esse problema foi enfrentado pela intensificação da abertura da economia para o exterior.

Sobre o mercado de trabalho e a Curva de Phillips, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 1 - A adoção de políticas de seguro-desemprego tende a reduzir a taxa natural de desemprego.

Com relação à teoria dos custos, é correto afirmar que:

Item 1 - Sendo o trabalho o único fator variável, para níveis de produção em que o produto médio é maior que o produto marginal do trabalho, o custo médio é crescente.

As raízes históricas dos desequilíbrios regionais brasileiros podem ser explicadas por elementos contidos na seguinte assertiva:

Item 0 - Entre 1870 e 1912, a expansão econômica da Amazônia deveu-se às exportações de madeira, que chegaram a atingir um terço do total das exportações brasileiras.

BASED ON YOUR INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT THAT FOLLOWS, DETERMINE IF EVERY STATEMENT IS RIGHT OR WRONG.

FIRST TEXT

At length, in 1776, our illustrious countryman, Adam Smith, published the “Wealth of Nations” – a work which has done for Political Economy what the Essay of Locke did for the philosophy of mind. In this work, the science was, for the first time, treated in its fullest extent; and the fundamental principles on which the production of wealth depends, established beyond the reach of cavil and dispute. In opposition to the Economists, Dr. Smith has shown that labor is the only source of wealth, and that the wish to augment our fortunes and to rise in the world – a wish that comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us till we go into the grave – is the cause of wealth being saved and accumulated: he has shown that labor is productive of wealth when employed in manufactures and commerce, as well as when it is employed in the cultivation of the land; he has traced the various means by which labor may be rendered most effective; and has given a most admirable analysis and exposition of the prodigious addition made to its powers by its division among different individuals and countries, and by the employment of accumulated wealth, or capital, in industrious undertakings. He has also shown, in opposition to the commonly received opinions of the merchants, politicians, and statesmen of his time, that wealth does not consist in the abundance of gold and silver, but enjoyments of human life; that it is in every case sound policy to leave individuals to pursue their own interest in their own way; that in prosecuting branches of industry advantageous to themselves, they necessarily prosecute such as are, at the same time, advantageous to the public; and that every regulation intended to force industry into particular channels, or to determine the species of commercial intercourse to be carried on between countries, is impolitic and pernicious – injurious to the rights of individuals – and adverse to the progress of real opulence and lasting prosperity.

J. R. McCulloch, on Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire from The Principles of Political Economy, 1830. Reprinted

in: Charles Dickens, Hard Times. W.W. Norton & Co, 1990: 318-319.

The text permits us to conclude that:

Item 3 - Smith’s was the first complete analysis of what causes a nation’s wealth.