- Read the text below and answer the questions.

The Five Generations of Computers

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their firstgeneration predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/FiveGenerations.asp (consultado em 11/04/12)

How many problems could the computer of the first generation solve?

Enter password: ********
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright c) 2000, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> CREATE DATABASE EMPREL;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> USE EMPREL;
Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE Empregado (
-> Matricula char(5) PRIMARY KEY,
-> Nome varchar(30),
-> numDepto int
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> CREATE TABLE Departamento (
-> numDepto int UNIQUE,
-> nomeDepto varchar(30)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE Empregado ADD CONSTRAINT fk_empregado_depto
-> FOREIGN KEY (numDepto) REFERENCES Departamento(numDepto);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> INSERT INTO Departamento VALUES (1, 'Vendas');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO Departamento VALUES (2, 'Marketing');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO Departamento VALUES (3, 'Contabilidade');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO Departamento VALUES (4, 'RH');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO Empregado VALUES ('11111', 'Ana', 1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO Empregado VALUES ('22222', 'Beth', 3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO Empregado VALUES ('33333', 'Carla', 3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO Empregado VALUES ('44444', 'Danny', 4);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO Empregado VALUES ('55555', 'Eliane', 4);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO Empregado VALUES ('66666', 'Fatima', NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE Departamento ADD TotalEmpregados int;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.14 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> /* IMPORTANTE! Nesse ponto, entra um comando SQL que será cobrado na questão 26. */
mysql> Delimiter //
mysql> CREATE TRIGGER alteraDepto1
-> AFTER INSERT ON Empregado
-> FOR EACH ROW
-> BEGIN
-> IF (NEW.numDepto IS NOT NULL) THEN
-> UPDATE departamento
-> SET TotalEmpregados = TotalEmpregados + 1
-> WHERE departamento.numDepto = NEW.numDepto;
-> END IF;
-> END//
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> Delimiter ;
mysql> INSERT INTO Empregado values ('77777', 'Gabriela', 3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> Delimiter //
mysql> CREATE TRIGGER alteraDepto2
-> AFTER DELETE ON Empregado
-> FOR EACH ROW
-> BEGIN
-> IF (OLD.numDepto IS NOT NULL) THEN
-> UPDATE Departamento
-> SET totalEmpregados = totalEmpregados - 1
-> WHERE Departamento.numDepto = OLD.numDepto;
-> END IF;
-> END//
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> Delimiter ;
mysql> DELETE FROM Empregado WHERE Matricula = '77777';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Considere que a consulta a seguir foi executada sobre a base de dados, com o estado resultante da sequência dos comandos apresentados anteriormente.

SELECT E.Nome, D.nomeDepto
FROM Empregado AS E, Departamento AS D
WHERE E.numDepto >= 2 AND E.numDepto = D.numDepto AND NOT E.numDepto IS NULL ORDER BY E.Matricula;

i. Lista a coluna nome da tabela Empregado;

ii. Só considera as tuplas que têm o atributo numDepto maior e igual a 2;

iii. Só considera os registros que apresentam o atributo numDepto não nulo;

iv. Apresenta o resultado em ordem alfabética.

v. Os nomes dos departamentos, coluna nomeDepto, surgirão na consulta, em ordem alfabética.

Assinale a alternativa que aponta a quantidade de assertiva(s) CORRETA(S).

- Read the text below and answer the questions.

The Five Generations of Computers

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their firstgeneration predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/FiveGenerations.asp (consultado em 11/04/12)

Why was the transistor important for this generation? Because it