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Para responder a questão, leia o texto II.
TEXTO II
The present perfect in Nigerian English
Valentin WERNER and Robert FUCHS
This article offers an analysis of present perfect (PP) use in Nigerian English (NigE), based on the Nigerian component of the International Corpus of English (ICE). First, we analyze variable contexts with the Simple Past (PT; determined by temporally specified contexts) as one of the main competitors of the PP, and thus assess the PPfriendliness of NigE in contrast to other varieties. We further provide an alternative measure of PP-friendliness and test register effects in terms of normalized and relative PP and PT frequencies. Our results indicate an overall reduced PP-friendliness of NigE and show internal variability in terms of PP frequencies in different variable contexts. As regards register effects, NigE does not show less variability of PP frequencies compared to British English (BrE). However, the distribution of the PP across registers in NigE does not follow the British pattern where certain registers are particularly PP-friendly. We discuss potential determining factors of the low frequency of the PP in NigE, and conclude that neither substrate influence nor general learning mechanisms on their own can comprehensively account for it. Instead, we suggest that historical influence from Irish and perhaps (at a later point) American English, in conjunction with general learning mechanisms, may be responsible.
(Fonte: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ELL. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2016)
O conectivo “however” , no contexto do texto II, possui o mesmo valor semântico de
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Para responder a questão, leia o texto II.
TEXTO II
The present perfect in Nigerian English
Valentin WERNER and Robert FUCHS
This article offers an analysis of present perfect (PP) use in Nigerian English (NigE), based on the Nigerian component of the International Corpus of English (ICE). First, we analyze variable contexts with the Simple Past (PT; determined by temporally specified contexts) as one of the main competitors of the PP, and thus assess the PPfriendliness of NigE in contrast to other varieties. We further provide an alternative measure of PP-friendliness and test register effects in terms of normalized and relative PP and PT frequencies. Our results indicate an overall reduced PP-friendliness of NigE and show internal variability in terms of PP frequencies in different variable contexts. As regards register effects, NigE does not show less variability of PP frequencies compared to British English (BrE). However, the distribution of the PP across registers in NigE does not follow the British pattern where certain registers are particularly PP-friendly. We discuss potential determining factors of the low frequency of the PP in NigE, and conclude that neither substrate influence nor general learning mechanisms on their own can comprehensively account for it. Instead, we suggest that historical influence from Irish and perhaps (at a later point) American English, in conjunction with general learning mechanisms, may be responsible.
(Fonte: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ELL. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2016)
No texto II, os autores apresentam, nesta ordem,
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Para responder a questão, leia o texto II.
TEXTO II
The present perfect in Nigerian English
Valentin WERNER and Robert FUCHS
This article offers an analysis of present perfect (PP) use in Nigerian English (NigE), based on the Nigerian component of the International Corpus of English (ICE). First, we analyze variable contexts with the Simple Past (PT; determined by temporally specified contexts) as one of the main competitors of the PP, and thus assess the PPfriendliness of NigE in contrast to other varieties. We further provide an alternative measure of PP-friendliness and test register effects in terms of normalized and relative PP and PT frequencies. Our results indicate an overall reduced PP-friendliness of NigE and show internal variability in terms of PP frequencies in different variable contexts. As regards register effects, NigE does not show less variability of PP frequencies compared to British English (BrE). However, the distribution of the PP across registers in NigE does not follow the British pattern where certain registers are particularly PP-friendly. We discuss potential determining factors of the low frequency of the PP in NigE, and conclude that neither substrate influence nor general learning mechanisms on their own can comprehensively account for it. Instead, we suggest that historical influence from Irish and perhaps (at a later point) American English, in conjunction with general learning mechanisms, may be responsible.
(Fonte: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ELL. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2016)
O texto II tem, como principal finalidade,
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Com relação à ética na tradução, o trecho “such theory of ethics, on the other hand, looks forward, teleologically, to the outcome of a given act. Here, an ethical act is one that is for the best result, e.g. in terms of maximum welfare, and the act itself is judged ethically by its consequences. In this case, the focus is more on values than on norms. True, there already exists a belief in certain values at the time of a particular act, but an act is deemed to be ethical by virtue of its ability to promote or enhance these values in the future” caracteriza especificamente a teoria da
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Ao se comparar o trecho da obra Pollyanna, de Eleanor H. Porter, “Nancy had been working in Miss Polly’s kitchen only two months, but already she knew that her mistress did not usually hurry”, com a tradução do mesmo trecho feita por Monteiro Lobato, “Nancy, que lavava pratos na pia, apesar de nova na casa, já sabia do sossego da patroa”, observa-se que o tradutor lançou mão do processo de
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O provérbio “two’s company, three’s a crowd” pode ser traduzido como “um é pouco, dois é bom, três é demais”. Essa tradução para o português é resultado de
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Para responder a questão, leia o texto I.
Texto I
The translator relies mainly on thorough research with background materials and dictionaries in order to produce the most accurate and readable written translation possible. The interpreter relies mainly on the ability to get the gist of the message across to the target audience on the spot.
No translation is ever “perfect” because cultures and languages differ. However, in practice, the translator is usually held to a higher standard of accuracy and completeness (including the ability to reproduce the style of the original), while the interpreter is expected to convey the essence of the message immediately. The translator’s activity is more like that of a writer, while the interpreter’s performance is more like that of an actor.
A good translator will spend much time searching for the correct technical term or the right choice of words, but a good interpreter must immediately come up with a satisfactory paraphrase or a rough equivalent if le mot juste does not come to mind, in order not to keep the audience waiting.
(Fonte: http://tienganhdhm.com/Images/file/Intepretation-Techniques%20and%20Exercises.pdf. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2016)
O verbo frasal preposicionado “come up with”, no contexto do texto I, significa
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Para responder a questão, leia o texto I.
Texto I
The translator relies mainly on thorough research with background materials and dictionaries in order to produce the most accurate and readable written translation possible. The interpreter relies mainly on the ability to get the gist of the message across to the target audience on the spot.
No translation is ever “perfect” because cultures and languages differ. However, in practice, the translator is usually held to a higher standard of accuracy and completeness (including the ability to reproduce the style of the original), while the interpreter is expected to convey the essence of the message immediately. The translator’s activity is more like that of a writer, while the interpreter’s performance is more like that of an actor.
A good translator will spend much time searching for the correct technical term or the right choice of words, but a good interpreter must immediately come up with a satisfactory paraphrase or a rough equivalent if le mot juste does not come to mind, in order not to keep the audience waiting.
(Fonte: http://tienganhdhm.com/Images/file/Intepretation-Techniques%20and%20Exercises.pdf. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2016)
As palavras sublinhadas em “The translator’s activity is more like that of a writer, while the interpreter’s performance is more like that of an actor”, no texto I, referem-se, respectivamente, a
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Para responder a questão, leia o texto I.
Texto I
The translator relies mainly on thorough research with background materials and dictionaries in order to produce the most accurate and readable written translation possible. The interpreter relies mainly on the ability to get the gist of the message across to the target audience on the spot.
No translation is ever “perfect” because cultures and languages differ. However, in practice, the translator is usually held to a higher standard of accuracy and completeness (including the ability to reproduce the style of the original), while the interpreter is expected to convey the essence of the message immediately. The translator’s activity is more like that of a writer, while the interpreter’s performance is more like that of an actor.
A good translator will spend much time searching for the correct technical term or the right choice of words, but a good interpreter must immediately come up with a satisfactory paraphrase or a rough equivalent if le mot juste does not come to mind, in order not to keep the audience waiting.
(Fonte: http://tienganhdhm.com/Images/file/Intepretation-Techniques%20and%20Exercises.pdf. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2016)
A tradução mais adequada para o segmento do texto I “the most accurate and readable written translation possible” é
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Para responder a questão, leia o texto I.
Texto I
The translator relies mainly on thorough research with background materials and dictionaries in order to produce the most accurate and readable written translation possible. The interpreter relies mainly on the ability to get the gist of the message across to the target audience on the spot.
No translation is ever “perfect” because cultures and languages differ. However, in practice, the translator is usually held to a higher standard of accuracy and completeness (including the ability to reproduce the style of the original), while the interpreter is expected to convey the essence of the message immediately. The translator’s activity is more like that of a writer, while the interpreter’s performance is more like that of an actor.
A good translator will spend much time searching for the correct technical term or the right choice of words, but a good interpreter must immediately come up with a satisfactory paraphrase or a rough equivalent if le mot juste does not come to mind, in order not to keep the audience waiting.
(Fonte: http://tienganhdhm.com/Images/file/Intepretation-Techniques%20and%20Exercises.pdf. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2016)
Segundo o texto I, é correto afirmar que
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