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The Five Generations of Computers
Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their firstgeneration predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/FiveGenerations.asp (consultado em 11/04/12)
According to the context the best translation for “hallmark” to Portuguese is
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Assinale a alternativa CORRETA quanto aos tipos de Sociedade.
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No âmbito da Assistência Social, o principal desafio refere-se à consolidação do SUAS (Sistema Único da Assistência Social), sendo necessário(a) para isso
I. a ampliação da destinação de recursos financeiros.
II. a ampliação da cobertura sócio-assistencial a todos “os que dela necessitem”.
III. a combinação da concessão de benefícios de transferência de renda com os serviços sócio-educacionais.
IV. o aprimoramento dos meios de monitoramento e o controle de convênios e parcerias com as Organizações Sociais privadas.
Somente está CORRETO o que se afirma em
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Num shell script do Linux, é possível utilizar o comando w (who), que identifica os usuários atualmente logados. Já o comando lastlog ajuda a identificar os últimos acessos de um usuário. Sobre esses comandos, analise as afirmações abaixo:
i. Para informar o dia e a hora que um usuário logou no sistema, pela última vez, podemos usar “lastlog -u username”.
ii. Para exibir a lista dos usuários que logaram no sistema, nos últimos 5 dias, além do dia e da hora do último acesso de cada um desses usuários, podemos usar o comando “lastlog -t 5”.
iii. O comando “who -m” informa quem é o usuário atual, seu nome e domínio.
Assinale a alternativa CORRETA.
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Acerca do processo orçamentário de uma empresa, assinale a alternativa CORRETA.
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Considere as afirmativas sobre Hard e Soft Links no sistema operacional LINUX:
i. Um mesmo arquivo pode ter vários links, logo, vários nomes.
ii. Hard links só podem ser usados num mesmo sistema de arquivos.
iii. Soft links podem ser associados a diretórios; já hard links, apenas a arquivos.
É CORRETO afirmar que
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- Fundamentos de Sistemas OperacionaisChamadas de Sistema (System Calls)
- LinuxPermissões de Arquivos e Diretórios no Linux
No Linux e na maioria dos sistemas baseados no UNIX, os valores dos atributos de leitura e de gravação de um arquivo são verificados apenas quando o arquivo é aberto, embora várias chamadas do sistema também verifiquem esses atributos. Dentre as chamadas de sistemas que afetam esses atributos, é INCORRETO citar
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O ambiente organizacional nas empresas é algo que reflete cada vez mais no comportamento das pessoas que atuam nas empresas. Tomando como base essa afirmativa, analise os itens abaixo:
I. Na industrialização clássica, o ambiente é estático, previsível, com poucas e previsíveis mudanças.
II. Na industrialização neoclássica, existe uma maior intensificação das mudanças e com maior velocidade.
III. Na era da informação, o ambiente é mutável, imprevisível, turbulento, com grandes e intensas mudanças.
Assinale a alternativa CORRETA.
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Sobre os benefícios previdenciários, pagos pelo INSS, aos segurados ou dependentes, analise as opções abaixo e marque a alternativa CORRETA.
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Disponível em: www.recantodasluzes.com.br. Acesso em: 14.04.2012.
Sobre o texto acima, é CORRETO afirmar que o autor
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