This text refers to the question

With the price of oil hovering near $ 100 a barrel, the discovery of the biggest deep-water oil field off the southeastern coast has the potential to transform Brazil into a global energy powerhouse and to reshape the politics of this energy-starved continent.

While Brazil’s state oil company, PETROBRAS, has known of the field for more than a year, it only finished assessing its full potential in recent months. It announced on Nov. 8 that the field held some five billion to eight billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas.

The announcement has everyone in the region, and beyond, taking notice. A field that size — the biggest in the world since a discovery in Kazakhstan in 2000 — is a potential political game-changer for Brazil.

In the next five years it is conceivable that Brazil could move ahead of Mexico and Canada in total oil reserves, becoming second only to Venezuela and the United States in the energy pecking order of the Americas.

This is heady stuff for Brazil, a country that only last year became a net energy exporter mostly because of its aggressive push into sugar-cane ethanol and hydroelectric power.

“All of a sudden Brazil is emerging as an energy power”, said Peter Hakim, president of the Inter-American Dialogue, a policy group in Washington focusing on Latin America. “Everything they have developed, from soybeans to sugar to oil is suddenly working. They have had amazing luck.”

There is little doubt that the find gives Brazil new influence against energy players like Bolivia and Venezuela, and not just in the economic competition among energy suppliers, but in the political arena as well.

Much to the chagrin of the United States, Venezuela’s president, Hugo Chávez, has used his nation’s oil wealth to aggressively push a leftist agenda at home and abroad. The Brazilian field, known as Tupi, now has the potential to lend more weight to Brazil’s more moderate, leftist approach.

Already countries around the region have been quick to sense the potential threats and benefits. With news of the discovery coming just ahead of a meeting of Latin American leaders in Santiago, Chile, Brazil’s president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, acknowledged there during the meeting that he was being “treated with a certain deference” by the other leaders.

Mr. Chávez nervously jested that Mr. da Silva was now an “oil magnate”. He also quickly suggested that the two nations create an Amazonian energy region similar to the Caribbean and Andean integration efforts Venezuela had been pushing for.

Internet: <www.nytimes.com> (adapted).

This text refers to the question

With the price of oil hovering near $ 100 a barrel, the discovery of the biggest deep-water oil field off the southeastern coast has the potential to transform Brazil into a global energy powerhouse and to reshape the politics of this energy-starved continent.

While Brazil’s^(a) state oil company^(b), PETROBRAS^(c), has known of the field^(d) for more than a year, it only finished assessing its full potential^(e) in recent months. It announced on Nov. 8 that the field held some five billion to eight billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas.

The announcement has everyone in the region, and beyond, taking notice. A field that size — the biggest in the world since a discovery in Kazakhstan in 2000 — is a potential political game-changer for Brazil.

In the next five years it is conceivable that Brazil could move ahead of Mexico and Canada in total oil reserves, becoming second only to Venezuela and the United States in the energy pecking order of the Americas.

This is heady stuff for Brazil, a country that only last year became a net energy exporter mostly because of its aggressive push into sugar-cane ethanol and hydroelectric power.

“All of a sudden Brazil is emerging as an energy power”, said Peter Hakim, president of the Inter-American Dialogue, a policy group in Washington focusing on Latin America. “Everything they have developed, from soybeans to sugar to oil is suddenly working. They have had amazing luck.”

There is little doubt that the find gives Brazil new influence against energy players like Bolivia and Venezuela, and not just in the economic competition among energy suppliers, but in the political arena as well.

Much to the chagrin of the United States, Venezuela’s president, Hugo Chávez, has used his nation’s oil wealth to aggressively push a leftist agenda at home and abroad. The Brazilian field, known as Tupi, now has the potential to lend more weight to Brazil’s more moderate, leftist approach.

Already countries around the region have been quick to sense the potential threats and benefits. With news of the discovery coming just ahead of a meeting of Latin American leaders in Santiago, Chile, Brazil’s president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, acknowledged there during the meeting that he was being “treated with a certain deference” by the other leaders.

Mr. Chávez nervously jested that Mr. da Silva was now an “oil magnate”. He also quickly suggested that the two nations create an Amazonian energy region similar to the Caribbean and Andean integration efforts Venezuela had been pushing for.

Internet: <www.nytimes.com> (adapted).

This text refers to the question

With the price of oil hovering near $ 100 a barrel, the discovery of the biggest deep-water oil field off the southeastern coast has the potential to transform Brazil into a global energy powerhouse and to reshape the politics of this energy-starved continent.

While Brazil’s state oil company, PETROBRAS, has known of the field for more than a year, it only finished assessing its full potential in recent months. It announced on Nov. 8 that the field held some five billion to eight billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas.

The announcement has everyone in the region, and beyond, taking notice. A field that size — the biggest in the world since a discovery in Kazakhstan in 2000 — is a potential political game-changer for Brazil.

In the next five years it is conceivable that Brazil could move ahead of Mexico and Canada in total oil reserves, becoming second only to Venezuela and the United States in the energy pecking order of the Americas.

This is heady stuff for Brazil, a country that only last year became a net energy exporter mostly because of its aggressive push into sugar-cane ethanol and hydroelectric power.

“All of a sudden Brazil is emerging as an energy power”, said Peter Hakim, president of the Inter-American Dialogue, a policy group in Washington focusing on Latin America. “Everything they have developed, from soybeans to sugar to oil is suddenly working. They have had amazing luck.”

There is little doubt that the find gives Brazil new influence against energy players like Bolivia and Venezuela, and not just in the economic competition among energy suppliers, but in the political arena as well.

Much to the chagrin of the United States, Venezuela’s president, Hugo Chávez, has used his nation’s oil wealth to aggressively push a leftist agenda at home and abroad. The Brazilian field, known as Tupi, now has the potential to lend more weight to Brazil’s more moderate, leftist approach.

Already countries around the region have been quick to sense the potential threats and benefits. With news of the discovery coming just ahead of a meeting of Latin American leaders in Santiago, Chile, Brazil’s president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, acknowledged there during the meeting that he was being “treated with a certain deference” by the other leaders.

Mr. Chávez nervously jested that Mr. da Silva was now an “oil magnate”. He also quickly suggested that the two nations create an Amazonian energy region similar to the Caribbean and Andean integration efforts Venezuela had been pushing for.

Internet: <www.nytimes.com> (adapted).

This text refers to the question

With the price of oil hovering near $ 100 a barrel, the discovery of the biggest deep-water oil field off the southeastern coast has the potential to transform Brazil into a global energy powerhouse and to reshape the politics of this energy-starved continent.

While Brazil’s state oil company, PETROBRAS, has known of the field for more than a year, it only finished assessing its full potential in recent months. It announced on Nov. 8 that the field held some five billion to eight billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas.

The announcement has everyone in the region, and beyond, taking notice. A field that size — the biggest in the world since a discovery in Kazakhstan in 2000 — is a potential political game-changer for Brazil.

In the next five years it is conceivable that Brazil could move ahead of Mexico and Canada in total oil reserves, becoming second only to Venezuela and the United States in the energy pecking order of the Americas.

This is heady stuff for Brazil, a country that only last year became a net energy exporter mostly because of its aggressive push into sugar-cane ethanol and hydroelectric power.

“All of a sudden Brazil is emerging as an energy power”, said Peter Hakim, president of the Inter-American Dialogue, a policy group in Washington focusing on Latin America. “Everything they have developed, from soybeans to sugar to oil is suddenly working. They have had amazing luck.”

There is little doubt that the find gives Brazil new influence against energy players like Bolivia and Venezuela, and not just in the economic competition among energy suppliers, but in the political arena as well.

Much to the chagrin of the United States, Venezuela’s president, Hugo Chávez, has used his nation’s oil wealth to aggressively push a leftist agenda at home and abroad. The Brazilian field, known as Tupi, now has the potential to lend more weight to Brazil’s more moderate, leftist approach.

Already countries around the region have been quick to sense the potential threats and benefits. With news of the discovery coming just ahead of a meeting of Latin American leaders in Santiago, Chile, Brazil’s president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, acknowledged there during the meeting that he was being “treated with a certain deference” by the other leaders.

Mr. Chávez nervously jested that Mr. da Silva was now an “oil magnate^(b)”. He also quickly suggested that the two nations create an Amazonian energy region similar to the Caribbean and Andean integration efforts Venezuela had been pushing for.

Internet: <www.nytimes.com> (adapted).

From the text, it is possible to infer that

This text refers to the question

With the price of oil hovering near $ 100 a barrel, the discovery of the biggest deep-water oil field off the southeastern coast has the potential to transform Brazil into a global energy powerhouse and to reshape the politics of this energy-starved continent.

While Brazil’s state oil company, PETROBRAS, has known of the field for more than a year, it only finished assessing its full potential in recent months. It announced on Nov. 8 that the field held some five billion to eight billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas.

The announcement has everyone in the region, and beyond, taking notice. A field that size — the biggest in the world since a discovery in Kazakhstan in 2000 — is a potential political game-changer for Brazil.

In the next five years it is conceivable that Brazil could move ahead of Mexico and Canada in total oil reserves, becoming second only to Venezuela and the United States in the energy pecking order of the Americas.

This is heady stuff for Brazil, a country that only last year became a net energy exporter mostly because of its aggressive push into sugar-cane ethanol and hydroelectric power.

“All of a sudden Brazil is emerging as an energy power”, said Peter Hakim, president of the Inter-American Dialogue, a policy group in Washington focusing on Latin America. “Everything they have developed, from soybeans to sugar to oil is suddenly working. They have had amazing luck.”

There is little doubt that the find gives Brazil new influence against energy players like Bolivia and Venezuela, and not just in the economic competition among energy suppliers, but in the political arena as well.

Much to the chagrin of the United States, Venezuela’s president, Hugo Chávez, has used his nation’s oil wealth to aggressively push a leftist agenda at home and abroad. The Brazilian field, known as Tupi, now has the potential to lend more weight to Brazil’s more moderate, leftist approach.

Already countries around the region have been quick to sense the potential threats and benefits. With news of the discovery coming just ahead of a meeting of Latin American leaders in Santiago, Chile, Brazil’s president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, acknowledged there during the meeting that he was being “treated with a certain deference” by the other leaders.

Mr. Chávez nervously jested that Mr. da Silva was now an “oil magnate”. He also quickly suggested that the two nations create an Amazonian energy region similar to the Caribbean and Andean integration efforts Venezuela had been pushing for.

Internet: <www.nytimes.com> (adapted).

This text refers to the question

With the price of oil hovering near $ 100 a barrel, the discovery of the biggest deep-water oil field off the southeastern coast has the potential to transform Brazil into a global energy powerhouse and to reshape the politics of this energy-starved continent.

While Brazil’s state oil company, PETROBRAS, has known of the field for more than a year, it only finished assessing its full potential in recent months. It announced on Nov. 8 that the field held some five billion to eight billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas.

The announcement has everyone in the region, and beyond, taking notice. A field that size — the biggest in the world since a discovery in Kazakhstan in 2000 — is a potential political game-changer for Brazil.

In the next five years it is conceivable that Brazil could move ahead of Mexico and Canada in total oil reserves, becoming second only to Venezuela and the United States in the energy pecking order of the Americas^(e).

This is heady stuff for Brazil, a country that only last year became a net energy exporter mostly because of its aggressive push into sugar-cane ethanol and hydroelectric power.

“All of a sudden Brazil is emerging as an energy power”, said Peter Hakim, president of the Inter-American Dialogue, a policy group in Washington focusing on Latin America. “Everything they have developed, from soybeans to sugar to oil is suddenly working. They have had amazing luck.”

There is little doubt that the find gives Brazil new influence against energy players like Bolivia and Venezuela, and not just in the economic competition among energy suppliers, but in the political arena as well.

Much to the chagrin of the United States, Venezuela’s president, Hugo Chávez, has used his nation’s oil wealth to aggressively push a leftist agenda at home and abroad. The Brazilian field, known as Tupi, now has the potential to lend more weight to Brazil’s more moderate, leftist approach.

Already countries around the region have been quick to sense the potential threats and benefits. With news of the discovery coming just ahead of a meeting of Latin American leaders in Santiago, Chile, Brazil’s president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, acknowledged there during the meeting that he was being “treated with a certain deference” by the other leaders.

Mr. Chávez nervously jested that Mr. da Silva was now an “oil magnate”. He also quickly suggested that the two nations create an Amazonian energy region similar to the Caribbean and Andean integration efforts Venezuela had been pushing for.

Internet: <www.nytimes.com> (adapted).

This text refers to the question

With the price of oil hovering near $ 100 a barrel, the discovery of the biggest deep-water oil field off the southeastern coast has the potential to transform Brazil into a global energy powerhouse and to reshape the politics of this energy-starved continent.

While Brazil’s state oil company, PETROBRAS, has known of the field for more than a year, it only finished assessing its full potential in recent months. It announced on Nov. 8 that the field held some five billion to eight billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas.

The announcement has everyone in the region, and beyond, taking notice. A field that size — the biggest in the world since a discovery in Kazakhstan in 2000 — is a potential political game-changer for Brazil.

In the next five years it is conceivable that Brazil could move ahead of Mexico and Canada in total oil reserves, becoming second only to Venezuela and the United States in the energy pecking order of the Americas.

This is heady stuff for Brazil, a country that only last year became a net energy exporter mostly because of its aggressive push into sugar-cane ethanol and hydroelectric power.

“All of a sudden Brazil is emerging as an energy power”, said Peter Hakim, president of the Inter-American Dialogue, a policy group in Washington focusing on Latin America. “Everything they have developed, from soybeans to sugar to oil is suddenly working. They have had amazing luck.”

There is little doubt that the find gives Brazil new influence against energy players like Bolivia and Venezuela, and not just in the economic competition among energy suppliers, but in the political arena as well.

Much to the chagrin of the United States, Venezuela’s president, Hugo Chávez, has used his nation’s oil wealth to aggressively push a leftist agenda at home and abroad. The Brazilian field, known as Tupi, now has the potential to lend more weight to Brazil’s more moderate, leftist approach.

Already countries around the region have been quick to sense the potential threats and benefits. With news of the discovery coming just ahead of a meeting of Latin American leaders in Santiago, Chile, Brazil’s president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, acknowledged there during the meeting that he was being “treated with a certain deference” by the other leaders.

Mr. Chávez nervously jested that Mr. da Silva was now an “oil magnate”. He also quickly suggested that the two nations create an Amazonian energy region similar to the Caribbean and Andean integration efforts Venezuela had been pushing for.

Internet: <www.nytimes.com> (adapted).

Based on the text, choose the correct option.

Texto I

Uma proposição é uma frase declarativa, que pode ser julgada como verdadeira — V — ou falsa — F —, mas não como V e F simultaneamente. É usual representar uma proposição pelas letras maiúsculas do alfabeto: P, Q, R etc. A construção de proposições compostas é feita usando-se os denominados símbolos lógicos e proposições previamente construídas. Parênteses, chaves e colchetes são usados para evitar ambiguidades. Uma proposição da forma P !$ \wedge !$Q, lida como “P e Q”, tem valor lógico V, se P e Q forem V e, nos demais casos, é F; uma proposição da forma P !$ \vee !$Q, lida como “P ou Q”, tem valor lógico F, se P e Q forem F e, nos demais casos, é V; uma proposição da forma P →Q, lida como “se P, então Q”, tem valor lógico F, se P for V e Q for F e, nos demais casos, é V; uma proposição da forma ¬P, lida como “não P”, é a negação de P e tem valor F quando P for V, e valor V quando P for F. Uma proposição é simples quando não existir nenhuma outra proposição que faz parte dela.

Texto II

Uma dedução é uma sequência de proposições em que algumas são denominadas premissas e as demais, conclusões. Quando as premissas são verdadeiras e, por consequência das premissas e de conclusões anteriores, as conclusões também são verdadeiras, tem-se o que se denomina uma dedução correta.

Considere que em determinada dedução, que possui duas premissas, a proposição simbolizada por [P !$ \vee !$(¬Q)] →R é uma das premissas verdadeiras e Q é uma conclusão. Nesse caso, para que a dedução seja uma dedução correta, como definida no texto, é suficiente considerar como a outra premissa a proposição

Uma proposição é uma frase declarativa, que pode ser julgada como verdadeira — V — ou falsa — F —, mas não como V e F simultaneamente. É usual representar uma proposição pelas letras maiúsculas do alfabeto: P, Q, R etc. A construção de proposições compostas é feita usando-se os denominados símbolos lógicos e proposições previamente construídas. Parênteses, chaves e colchetes são usados para evitar ambiguidades. Uma proposição da forma P !$ \wedge !$Q, lida como “P e Q”, tem valor lógico V, se P e Q forem V e, nos demais casos, é F; uma proposição da forma P !$ \vee !$Q, lida como “P ou Q”, tem valor lógico F, se P e Q forem F e, nos demais casos, é V; uma proposição da forma P →Q, lida como “se P, então Q”, tem valor lógico F, se P for V e Q for F e, nos demais casos, é V; uma proposição da forma ¬P, lida como “não P”, é a negação de P e tem valor F quando P for V, e valor V quando P for F. Uma proposição é simples quando não existir nenhuma outra proposição que faz parte dela.

Considere todas as possíveis valorações V ou F atribuídas às proposições simples P, Q e R. Nesse caso, a proposição composta ¬[(P →R) !$ \wedge !$(Q →R)] tem exatamente os mesmos valores lógicos da proposição

A lenda urbana surge com a oportunidade do inusitado, do espetacular, do fantasioso. É o momento em que^(b) se pode romper com a realidade e crer^(c) que existe algo além do que se conhece. Em primeiro lugar, a lenda urbana apresenta personagens quase sempre construídos em busca do indivíduo comum: desperta-se o interesse do ouvinte. Também se espalha por meios muito próximos dos simples mortais, seja oralmente, seja por e-mail, seja até em jornais sensacionalistas. As lendas urbanas se inserem no fenômeno chamado folkcomunicação, segundo o qual a expressão das classes mais baixas ou marginalizadas encontra vazão na produção de cultura popular e, muitas vezes, na cultura de massa. Esse folclore — em seu sentido mais amplo — traz à luz a compreensão de determinados povos sobre o meio que os cerca^(d), mas de maneira bastante particular. As manifestações populares trazem tanto seus medos cotidianos quanto as influências sofridas por aquela população. As lendas urbanas são, assim, resultantes da criação contemporânea, modernamente adaptadas^(e) ao universo do século XXI e seus problemas^(e). Hoje o homem comum conhece a ciência (ou a pseudociência, como diz Carl Sagan) e se utiliza dela em seu cotidiano. Também por isso, as representações mais fantásticas ganham, muitas vezes, aspectos científicos. Surgem assim narrativas completas, em certa medida críveis, sobre o universo urbano moderno.

Andréa Neiva e Luciano R. Segura. Sem mistério: discutindo língua portuguesa, ano 2, n.º 12, p. 26-32 (com adaptações).

Preservam-se a correção gramatical do texto e a coerência entre os argumentos ao se