The giant neighbours are more rivals than partners

Feb 4th 2010

China and India: Prospects for Peace. By Jonathan Holslag. Columbia University Press

For a book about two countries whose most recent war was five decades ago, “Prospects for Peace” seems a quirky subtitle. Jonathan Holslag, a Brussels-based think-tanker, argues that, since China’s swift and bloody humiliation of India in 1962, the neighbours have “tottered at least five times on the verge of war”. But the last time troops massed on the border was in 1986. Bilateral trade has boomed, and hundreds of thousands of Indians and Chinese now visit the other country each year, including a succession of senior politicians toasting a beautiful friendship.

As Mr. Holslag explains, however, the relationship is still marked as much by unremitting strategic mistrust as by burgeoning co-operation. His contribution to a recent flurry of India-China books attempts to reconcile these contradictory trends. His conclusions are rather unsettling.

Most of the other books on the area concentrate inevitably on the implications of the two countries’ economic rise. The simultaneous emergence into the global economy of two countries containing nearly two-fifths of the world’s people is after all an unprecedented phenomenon. Moreover, China’s dominance of global manufacturing seems matched by India’s arrival as an important provider of information-technology and other services. Mr. Holslag quotes Zhu Rongji, a former Chinese prime minister: “You are number one in software. We are number one in hardware…Together we are the world’s number one.” That is India’s misfortune. Hundreds of thousands of Indians work in IT* services whereas manufacturing for export provides China with tens of millions of jobs. Mr. Holslag predicts that India will challenge China’s role as the world’s manufacturer, but that seems far-fetched.

This complementarity has been accompanied by a number of alliances of convenience, most notably in resisting pressure from the rich world to agree to fixed targets for limiting carbon emissions. There was even an agreement in 2006 to work together to avoid bidding up the prices of energy resources in third countries.

The limited effect of that pact, however, is one reason to believe Mr.

Holslag’s prognosis of a “fiercer economic rivalry and more aggressive regional diplomacy”. Another is what Lalit Mansingh, a former Indian diplomat, calls “the ghost at the banquet”: China’s increasing diplomatic and military influence in Asia—and India’s fear of it.

As Mr. Holslag notes, the defeat in 1962 has left a deep suspicion of China in India’s political, academic and diplomatic circles, which is reflected in public opinion. India claims an area of Chinese-held territory in Kashmir the size of Switzerland, while China claims an area three times larger in what is now Indian Arunachal Pradesh. The border dispute remains unresolved. What had lazily been assumed to be the obvious solution—the status quo, in which each country keeps large swathes of territory claimed by the other—seems, if anything, further away than ever. The political difficulties of selling such a deal in India have long been obvious. But China’s renewed harping on its claim in recent years suggests that it in fact does want more than it already has.

* IT – Information Technology.

The words or expressions that correctly complete the paragraph above, both in terms of grammar and meaning, in the same order they appear, are:

Na indústria de beneficiamento de leite, a limpeza dos equipamentos era antigamente feita por pessoas armadas com escovas e soluções de detergente que tinham que desmontar os equipamentos para chegar às superfícies a serem limpas. Isto não só era laborioso, mas também ineficaz. Algumas partes da máquina, tais como tubos, trocadores de calor e tanques, não ficavam escrupulosamente limpas e, freqüentemente reinfectavam. Um método de limpeza utilizado nas leiterias é o sistema CIP (Cleaning In Place). Com relação a esse método, afirma-se que

I. neste método, o equipamento de produção é limpo, sem ser desmontado, o que é uma notável vantagem sobre outros métodos de limpeza, que exigem a desmontagem do equipamento.

II. a intenção do sistema CIP é eliminar somente os resíduos orgânicos provenientes do sistema de processamento.

III. este método não prevê uma etapa de desinfecção.

IV. o programa CIP nas leiterias difere de acordo com o circuito a ser limpo, ou seja, se o circuito contém superfícies aquecidas ou não.

Estão corretas apenas as afirmativas